Northern Appalachian District. 477 
is confined chiefly to poor, dry gravelly, southern, eastern and western slopes. 
Quercus rubra is associated with the above trees ') 
2. Broad leafed and Coniferous Forest Formations. 
Deciduous Forest Formation. The valleys and mountains except the summits 
of the highest Catskill Mountains are covered with a deciduous forest which 
ascends to about 3,500 feet. It is a mixed one consisting of such dominant 
trees as Fagus americana, Castanea americana, Quercus rubra, Juglans cinerea 
F$. nigra (sparingly), Betula lutea, B.lenta, B. populifolia, B. papyrıfera (un- 
common), Acer saccharum, Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata, Ulmus etc., 
while near the streams in this forest are found Platanus occidentalis, Carpinus 
caroliniana and such shrubs as Alnus serrulata, Hamamelis, Sambucus and 
Amelanchier canadensis. The absence of Liriodendron tulipifera, many of 
the oaks, hickories, magnolias and other deciduous trees is noteworthy. As 
the botanist ascends the mountains and when an elevation of 2,880 feet is 
reached, the constitution of this type becomes more uniform by the disappea- 
rance of such trees as Castanea, Ouercus rubra, Tilia, Fuglans cinerea, Ulmus. 
The herbaceous plants, or partially woody plants of the forest floor that exist in the shade 
of the broad-leaved forest trees are, according to my observations: Hepatica te H. acutiloba, 
Uvularia (Oakesiella) ng Solidago caesia, Sanguinaria canadensis, Geraniu obertianum, 
Eupatorium ageratoide iola palmata, Anemone nemorosa, Smilacina racemosa, ei treptopus roseus, 
S. amplexifolius, er esse, Maianthemum canadense (ascending to considerable altitud 
Polygonatum biflorum, Erythr americanum, Medeola virginica, Epiphegus virginiana (on beach 
roots), Monotropa ie, Corallo rhiza re Actark Year Caulophyllum thalictroides, Di- 
centra canadensis, D. Guösiinth, Viola pubes EEE ‚ Tiarella cordifolia, Mitella diphylla, 
Aralia nudicaulis, A. hispida, A. trifolia, A. ee ee Cris, Mitchella repens (dry 
woods), Trillium erectum, T. e EEE (= T. undulatum), Aste ema tri- 
phyllum associated with many ferns (Polystichum and Phegopteris, en Adlafen pedatum, 
Asplenium, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Lycopodium (4 species) and club mosses) 2). 
Farther to the south in Pennsylvania the slopes and valleys of these 
mountains are clothed with deciduous forests, where Liriodendron tulipifera, 
Tilia americana, Acer saccharum, Robinia pseudacacia occur with Quercus alba, 
0. Prinus, O. rubra, Q. coccinea, Q. tinctoria, Q. bicolor, Castanea, Fagus, Fug- 
lans, Hicoria (5 spec.), Platanus, Carpinus, Fraxinus americana, under different 
combinations and associations form a forest of great diversity of light and 
shadow. Ouercus Prinus, Robinia pseudacacia, Castanea americana, all may 
be expected to grow in association along those mountain slopes where the 
Medina and Oneida sandstones Seen neither altitude nor the rocks seem to 
prevent their growth. Carya alba (= Hicoria ovata) and C. porcina (= Hicoriu 
glabra) are trees of lower ground. The former seldom leaves the alluvial grounds; 
1) SUDWORTH, GEORGE B.: The Forests of Alleghany County. Maryland Geological Survey 
Alleghany Conakr 1901: 263—278. 
2) I am indebted for some of the details presented here to Miss Lily Wells of Newport, 
R.L who with her-brother (now deceased) made water color paintings of Catskill plants, also to 
Miss Martha H. Hollinshead “ EERRER N. J. 
