478 Part IV. Chapter 2. 
the latter though often found on higher levels seldom reaches the mountain 
tops. Juglans cinerea grows along streams even high up on the mountain 
side, but the black walnut 9. »zgra is seldom found on the rocks of the higher 
steeper slopes '). Gymnocladus canadensis and Rhamnus lanceolatus occur in the 
limestone Cumberland Valley near the Potomac River. 
Considered in general three kinds of forest types occur in Maryland, viz,, 
ridge forests, slope forests and swamp forests”). The ridge forest occupies 
the benches and broken rocky crests and is essentially distinguished by the 
predominance of Castanca. The slope forest contains the largest number of 
species. On the steep slopes above the Youghiogheny River, it is often pure 
growths of Tsuga canadensis, in the richer coves almost pure Ouercus alba. 
Between these two extremes there are slopes upon which 7S5zga and the 
hardwoods mingle while on other slopes Cas/anea predominates. The asso- 
ciation of species is as below mentioned in the order of their importance. 
Dominant. 
Castanea americana Raf. 
(= C. dentata Marsh). 
Quereus alba. 
Tsuga canadensis L. and 
Hardwoods 
Tsuga canadensis L,, 
hemlock. 
Secondary. 
Acer saccharum Marsh. 
Quereus rubra L. 
Tilia americana ],. 
Betula lutea Michxz. f., 
Betula lenta L. 
Acer saccharum Marsh. 
agus americana Sweet. 
Tilia americana L, 
Betula lutea Michx. f. 
Quereus alba L. 
Castanea americana Raf. 
Betula lutea Michx. f. 
Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar 
maple). 
Fagus americana Sweet. 
Tilia americana L 
Acer rubrum L. 
Quercus rubra L. 
Betula lenta L. 
Quereus Prinus L. 
Pinus Strobus L. 
Acer rubrum L. 
Quercus alba L. 
Pinus Strobus L. 
Betula lenta L. 
Castanea americana Raf. 
Quercus rubra L. 
Acer rubrum L 
Quereus Prinus L. 
The swamp forest has fewer species than the others Picea nigra, P. rubra 
with Pinus Strobus are the prineipal trees, and a varying amount of hemlock. 
The areas occupied by this type surround and extend into the swamps and 
sedge-covered tracts along the streams known as glades or mountain meadows. 
Where Pinus Strobus is predominant occur in the following order 75uga, Acer 
rubrum, Betula lutea, Castanea americana, Quercus alba, O. rubra, Tilia 
americana, etc. Where Picea nigra (= P. mariana) is dominant, 7suga, Be- 
Zula lutea, Acer rubrum, Fagus americana, Acer saccharum, Pinus Strobus. 
1) ROTHROCK, J. T.: Forests of Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the American Philosophical 
Society XXXIII 1894: 114—133. 
2) Curran, H. M.: The Forests of Garrett County. 
Maryland Geological Survey 1902: 
303 - 319. 
