482 Part IV. Chapter 2. 
Bog Formation. All of the sphagnum bogs in the moraine covered terri- 
tory in the mountains represent ponds and lakes that have been converted 
into bogs by the slow encroachment of vegetation. The basis of the bog is 
sphagnum. Near the center where the sphagnum mass has not been com- 
pacted a quaking bog exists with the peaty material sometimes as I have 
determined by actual measurement ı2—ı5 feet deep‘). The pure sphagnum 
stretches are usually occupied by Sarracenia purpurea, Scheuchzeria palustris, 
Vaccinium macrocarpum, Kalmia glauca form an association to be replaced in 
other situations by an almost pure growth of Z. (Chamaedaphne) calycnlata or 
associated with Aalnma angustifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum, Ledum latifoltum 
surrounded by sedges Dulichium spathaceum, Carex bullata, Eriophorum va- 
ginatum and others. Larixr americana encroaches also on such open bogs. 
The edge of such bogs is characterized by a fringe of plants: ee! fascicularis, 
Kalmia glauca, Lyonia calyculata, Vaceinium corymbosum, Rhododendron Rhodora with Lysi- 
machia stricta, Azalea viscosa. T'he smaller kettle hole bogs have been long Br into 
almost solid earth. Here occur in association Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, Picea nigra, 
verticillata, Rhododendron maximum, Viburnum nudum, Nemopanthes fascicularis, Sassafras offiel 
nale, Betula populifolia, Prunus erg Kabras trifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium corym- 
bosum and nigrum, while such ferns as Osmunda ceinnamomea, Nephrodium noveboracense, Dry- 
opteris, Thelypteris are denizens of rich bogs with such herbs as Dalibarda repens, Cornus 
canadensis, Habenaria blephariglottis, Gentiana linearis, Aralia hispida, etc. 
In central Pennsylvania high up in a horse-shoe of the mountains, is 
a peat bog which has not owed its origin to glacial action. It is in a region 
where bogs and lakes are uncommon or almost unknown). The center is a 
quaking bog of sphagnum and sedges: Carex trisperma, C. utriculata and the 
peat is here over ten feet deep. Sarracenia purpurea, Menyanthes trifoliata, 
Coptis trifolia, Calopogon pulchellus, Nemopanthes, Vaccinium macrocarpum, 
Chamaedaphne calyculata, Alnus incana, Clintonia borealis occur in this bog. 
b) Southern Mountain Area. 
This area occupies the southern Appalachian Mountains south of New River 
and extending to the northern confines of Alabama. 
1. The Forest- and Cliff-Formations of the southern Alleghanies. 
Coniferous Forest Formation of the Lower Hills. The area in which Pinus 
mitis (= P. echinata), Pinus rigida, Pinus inops (= P. virginiana) are the dom- 
inant trees embraces the basin of the French Broad River, the river hills of 
the Swannanoa and the lower hills in several counties in North Carolina, Iying 
below an elevation of 2800 feet (850 m) above sea level. With these pines are 
1) eg JoHn W.: Bogs, their Nature and Origin. The Plant World XII: 52—59. 
March 1909. 
2) BuckHouT, W. A.: A Bit of wild Nature in Penns ylvania. Garden and Forest V: 314; 
also PORTER, T. C.: Sketch of the Botany of Pennsylvania. Walling and Gray’s Topographie Atlas 
of Pennsylvania 1872: 25—26. 
