502 Part IV. Chapter 2. 
lake bluff consists of Quercus alba, Castanea, Carya porcina, Populus monilifera, Tsuga, Hama- 
melis, and occasional trees of Pinus Strobus and rigida. The lianes are Vitis aestivalis, V. cordi- 
folia, V. riparia, Ampelopsis quinquefolia. 
In Ohio the forests on the ridge summits the steepest slopes and on the 
outcrops of Niagara limestone are of the white oak-, black oak-, hickory type. 
The most characteristic tree is Ouercus alba associated with Os rubra, 
O. tinctoria, O. obtusiloba, O. imbricaria, O. Prinus, Carya tomentosa (= Hicoria 
alba), and the other med Hickories, while secondary in importance are Cornus 
Forida, Celtis occidentalis, Prunus pennsylvanica, P. serotina, Cercis, Sassafras, 
Acer saccharum, Juglans cinerea, F. nigra. 
Several stories are represented in the culmination of the deciduous forests about the sou- 
thern shore of Lake Erie?), The composition of the first facies is more or less altered if 
e white pine Pinus Strobus associated with er ran Ulmus Kr Populus monili- 
rin, Platanus Anden becomes at all. inent. e principal facies, however, con- 
nid # Fr tinctoria and Q. imbricaria er with Pins Strobus, Tilia americana, Prunus 
,„ Ulmus er ren Prunus serotina, Fraxinus americana. Juniperus virginiana and such 
re fie as Smilax herbacea, See nudiflora, Rubus villosus, Galium circaezans, Monarda 
fistulosa, Phryma leptostachya, Ar racemosa, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Lespedeza violacea, 
RR nigrum, Prenanthes (Nab Ki an etc. These plants are arranged in layers with the tree 
facies uppermost and the shrubs and herbs beneath. Where the accumulation of humus in 
the soil is greater, the facies consists of Ulmus americana "r Acer rubrum with such secondary 
species as Fraxinus americana, Quercus tinctoria, Platanus oceidentalis, Acer nigrum, Ostrya. 
In the drainage valleys and level country occurs a strietly mesophytic forest consisting 
of the following component species: Ulmus americana, Acer dasycarpum (= A. saccharinum), Fagus, 
Tilia, Quercus macrocarpa, Ulmus fulva, Quercus bicolor. ‚ Q. palustris, Carya amara (= Hicoria 
minima), Fraxinus quadrangulata, Fraxinus viridis, The särdie are Lindera (Benzoin) benzoin, Xan- 
thoxylum americanum. The usual spring plants occur in these woods and in autumn Eupatorium 
ageratoides, Impatiens fulva, Aster novae-angliae, Lobelia en Sanicula marylandica, Aralia 
racemosa, 
Certain sand dunes in Wyandot County, Ohio2) are covered with Ulmus, Quercus alba, 
Acer sacharinum (= A. dasycarpum), A, rubrum, Populus monilifera, Prunus serotina, Quercus 
imbricaria, Fraxinus americana, while on the low ground adjoining grow Ulmus americana, Quercus 
palustris, Q. bicolor, Acer rubrum, A perfect tangle of shrubs is met with consisting of ne 
stolonifera, us glabra, Corylus americanus, Rubus villosus, Euonymus atropurpureus 
herbacea, S. hispida, Colnstius scandens, Staphylea trifolia, Sambucus canadensis, Pirks er 
coronaria, Populus tremuloides, Cornus florida. 
Indiana was once almost entirely covered with noble forests of deciduous 
trees. Along its western borders these were interrupted, however, by numerous 
small prairies. The forests of this state are characterized by an almost en- 
tire absence of coniferous trees. In the original condition the uplands 
of northern Indiana were covered with a forest of various species of oaks, 
hickories, Juglans nigra, Liriodendron, Prunus serotina, Fraxinus americana, 
Ulmus americana. The undergrowth consisted of Xanthoxylum americanum, 
1) JENNINGS loc. eit. describes in a detailed manner the succession on Presque Isle termina- 
ting in a forest where Quercus tinctoria (= Q. velutina) is the dominant tree. 
2 ‚ Tmomas, A.: Ecological Study of Big we Prairie, Wyandot County, Obio, 
Ohio Skate ae of Science. Special Papers No. 7, ı 
Zi 
