‚512 Part IV. Chapter 2. 
The herbaceous plants that occur in these forests are found in several seasonal aspects. 
The vernal herbs are Carex pennsylvanica, Trillium sessile, Claytonia virginica, Podophyllum 
eltatum, Dentaria laciniata, Oxalis violacea, Viola pubescens, Polemonium a Pedicularis 
canadensis. The estival herbs of the forest floor in Missouri are of the fern m pedatum, 
Cystopteris fragilis, Nephrodium (Polystichum) acrostichoides, Botrychium virginianum, Muhlen- 
__ ee . diffusa, Agrostis perennans, Carex retroflexa, Cassia marylandica, Geranium 
‚ Aralia racemosa, Thaspium aureum, Cynoglossum virginicum, Monarda Bel Pent- 
stemon Pen Triosteum perfoliatum, etc. The serotinal herbs are Desmodium nudiflorum, 
D. canescens, D. Dillenii, Gerardia grandiflora, Solidago ulmifolia, S. serotina, $. canadensis, 
Helianthus hirsutus, Hieracium scabrum. 
The bottom of the ravines occupied by a stream that runs dry in 
summer is characterized by a modification of the forest described above known 
as the Blue Beech Facies. Here occur in association Fuglans cinerea, Carya 
amara (= Hicoria minima), Carpinus caroliniana, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus 
alba, macrocarpa, acuminata, rubra, Morus rubra, Asimina, Platanus occiden- 
talis, Cercis, Rhus Drtiodendron. Euonymus atropurpureus, Celastrus scandens, 
Acer dasycarpum, Vitis riparia, Ampelopsis. 
The prevernal ravine plants possess bulbs, bulb-like corms, rootstocks, or tubers. 
Such are Sanguinaria canadensis, Claytonia virginica, Erythronium albidum, Isopyrum biternatum, 
Dicentra cucullaria, Dentaria laciniata, Erigenia bulbosa, Phlox divaricata, Collinsia verna. The 
vernal ravine herbs consist of plants that mature their fruits in late summer and autumn, 
sn Uvularia grandiflora, Smilacina racemosa, Polygonatum biflorum, Cypripedium parvi- 
m (very rare), Thalictrum purpurascens. The aestival flora is not well-marked and the 
er includes Agrimonia striata, Zizia aurea, Sanicula canadensis. The autumnal woodland ravine 
species are Campanula americana, Lobelia syphilitica, Eupatorium ageratoides and Solidago flexi- 
caulis, 
The Walnut Facies of rich slopes consists of Juglans nigra, various hickories, Quereus 
alba, Q. acuminata in control, but often the ironwood, Ostrya virginiana covers the lower 
slopes with Rhus glabra and Corylus americana. The herbs in general are those common to the 
forest. — The Blue Ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata) Facies of hills summits consists of this 
Ber pen with Quercus tinctoria (= Q. velutina), Q. alba, Q. imbricaria, and Diospyros virgi- 
rubs and undershrubs are frequent. The herbs are semi-xerophytie such as Astragalus 
mexicanus, Antennaria age ifolia, Comandra umbellata. — The Elm Facies occupies the 
region of the coal measures north of Columbia, a The dominant trees are Ulmus 
americana, (uercus ee Q. platanoides, Q. palustris, Q. rubra. The white oak is 
relatively scarce. The black cherry Prunus serotina is frequent and the red cedar Juniperus virgi- 
niana is common on hill 2 — The Sassafras Facies occupies light soils. Here are 
vigorous Sassafras, Quereus tinctoria (= Q. Re Q. imbricaria, Q. rubra, Q. texana (= N. 
Schneckii) with herbs that Er light dry soils. 
Lowland Deciduous Forest Formation. The lowland forests of the river 
valleys and alluvial plains afford a heavy growth of timber consisting of poplars 
(Populus), Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), willows (Salir) and others. 2 
At the point where the Missouri River enters Kansas in Jackson County, ; 
Missouri, the forest of the bottom lands consists of giant elms Ulmus ameri- : 
cana, U. fulva, Platanus, Populus monilifera (= P. deltoides), Quercus macro” 
carpa, Fuglans nigra, Gymnocladus canadensis (= G. dioica), Salix mgra, 
Aesculus arguta, Acer dasycarpum with such small trees as Osirya virginiana, 
