Northern Dominion District. 549 
is practically unexplored. Eastward of the Rocky Mountains proper in the 
country drained by the headwaters of the Peace and Athabasca rivers the 
forest vegetation consists of Picea Engelmanni, Pinus Murrayana, Abies sub- 
alpina (western species) and the following trees of extensive eastern range, 
Picea alba, Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera, Betula papyrifera, Larix 
americana'’). | 
The shrubs beneath the trees in this distriet are Sambucus >> S. melanocarpa, Vac- 
einium membranaceum, ER argentea, Ribes laxiflorum, R. ech m, Menziesia glabella, 
Sorbus sambucifolia, .n s sabina var. procumbens, Taxus brevifolia, Ye accinium en Ber- 
beris repens (= B. aq Holium), Fatsia (Echinopanax) Kordd; Ledum latifolium, Cornus canadensis, 
Acer glabrum, Ehe albiflorum, Viburnum pauciflorum, Amelanchier alnifolia. The under- 
shrubs Ribes lacustre, R. prostratum occur on the moraines or along glacial streams, while 
Vaceinium mierophyllum (= V. erythr rocarpum), is found on rocky aretes in the district with 
Vaceinium ovalifolium. 
The moist ravines of the Selkirks are filled with an almost impenetrable undergrowth of 
which the spiny Fatsia (Echin ax) horrida is a prominent element, together with Pachystima 
myrsinites, Lysichiton nee while the long beards of dark lichens, Alectoria jubata var. 
prolixa, Alectoria sarmentosa, Usnea barbata var. hirta festoon the trees. Evernia vulpina, a yellow 
Be .n. ice on trees, is also conspieuous in the forests of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, 
s of the woods are Philonotis fontana, Dieranum fuscescens (on rotten a. Hypnum 
Schreberi while the following fern plants form an important element of this formatio Bee 
on the forest floor: Lycopodium complanatum, L. annotinum,. Nephrodium (Aspidium) len 
var. dilatatum, Pia aquilina var. lanuginosa, Equisetum pratense, Aspidium lonchitis, Nepkecäi 
dryopteris. 
Sub-alpine Coniferous Forest Formation. In cool and sub-alpine localities 
Abies subalpina forms extensive groves (Abies subalpina Facies), while 
Pinus albicaulis and Larix Lyallii abound only at the upper limit of arboreal 
growth which ranges from 6,000 to 7,000 feet (Pinus albicaulis Facies). 
The succession of trees species seems to be in general, as follows: Zarir 
Lyallii Parl., strictiy alpine; Adies subalpina Engelm. (= A. lasiocarpa 
Hook.), a and sub-alpine, and extending downward to the higher and 
cooler valleys; Picea Engelmanni Engelm. and Pinus Murrayana “Oreg. Com.”, 
sub-alpine and extending downward, 7Auya plicata Don. (= T. gigantea Nutt.), 
west slopes only; Pseudotsuga Douglasii Carr., lower valley on both slopes; 
Larix occidentalis Nutt., base of mountains on the west. 
Bog Formation. The plants of sphagnum bogs are of an arctic-boreal 
character and have many species already described above (Kalmia microphylla, 
Viola labradorica, Rubus arcticus, Empetrum, Mimulus moschatus, Polygonum 
viviparum, Bryanthus empetriformis, Sphagnum Russowii and Sphagnum acuti- 
folium are the bog mosses of the Selkirk country. The morainic deposits, 
ı) For additional details the reader is referred to Dawson, GEORGE M., Note on the Dis- 
tribution of some of the more important Trees of British Columbia. Geological and Natural 
History Survey of Canada. Report * Progress for 187980, p. 167—177 B. with map; also 
Report of Se for 1876—77, p. 17—149; Dawson, GEORGE M.: Preliminary Report on the 
BRRBEN, and geological Features of hi Portion of the Rocky Mountains between latitudes 49° 
and 51° 30”. Part B. Annual Report 1885. Geol. & Nat. History Survey of Canada. 
