Puget Sound—Cascade District. 595 
Fraxinus oregona, Pirus oe rivularis occur Sg at lower elevations. Acer circi- 
natum is a large shrub or small tree common below 3,000 feet. Cornus Nuttallii, Prunus emargi- 
nata, Spiraea Douglasii, 5. Molodisens) discolor, Philadelphus Eee and Viburnum ellipticum 
are elements of this forest, 
Above 4,000 feet the height of the trees becomes perceptibly shorter and 
the stem more branched, the trunks more twisted. Above 6,000 feet the trees 
grow in groups or singly, leaving the principal areas treeless. These areas, 
when not too long covered by snow, are occupied by a large assemblage of 
species. 
The forest of VancouverIsland?) is of a mountainous type. Pseudotsuga Douglasii 
is the chief tree until an elevation of 800 feet is reached. Here it mingles with Pinus monti- 
Gaultheria Shallon with Boschniakia Hookeri parasitic upon its roots. Higher still is found the 
coast hemlock, Tsuga ar (see adnotation p. 547) as the summit of the mountains is 
reached the mountain hemlock Tsuga Pattoniana and ies amabilis appear. The coast., 
species never found in the mountains are Abies grandis, Picea sitchensis the most abundant tree, 
Taxus brevifolia and Juniperus virginiana. Pinus contorta in places overhangs the sea, in other 
places it occurs in bogs. „Quercus Garryana grows in situations where the forest is less dense. 
utus Menziesii occurs on the east coast of the island, while Cornus Nuttallii is also a promi- 
nent feature in the landscape. In the low ground grow Acer macrophyllum, A. circinatum, 
‚ Alnus rubra, Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera, while bordering ponds are found Prunus 
‚ Rhamnus Purshii. The undergrowth consists of Rubus nutkanus, Nuttallia (Osmaronia) 
a Prunus emarginata, Vaceinium caespitosum, V. angustifolium, Gaultheria Shallon, 
Berberis repens (= B. aquifolium), B. nervosa and Pachystim a myrsinites, a with such herbs 
and ferns as Blechnum BPRFANE, Nephrodium ein munitum op BPREIOR a KEVERIEE, 
Beiykinia elata. 
The following belts may be recognized at 45° 30’ north latitude in the 
basins of the streams tributary to the Columbia River where it cuts through 
the Cascade Range. 
Belt of Pinus ponderosa (below 3,000 Frei This belt consists of Pinus 
ponderosa, Pseudotsuga Douglasü, Abies grandis, Thuja gigantea to which if 
the latitude is 47° 30° should be added the coast hemlock 7'suga Mertensiana. 
Belt of Pinus Murrayana (3,000—3,000 feet). This belt consists of 
Pinus Murrayana, P. monticola, Picea ysgifegeage and Tarus drevifolia with 
the following additional species in latitude 47° 30’: Adies nobilis, A. amabilıs, 
Larix occidentalis, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis. 
Belt of Abies subalpina (5,000—6,000 feet). Here grow Adies sub- 
alpına (= A. lasiocarpa), A. amabilis, A. nobilis, the coast hemlock 7. suga 
Mertensiana, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis and Larixr occidentalis, while in lati- 
tude 47° 30” only two trees Adies subalpina and the mountain hemlock 7. suga 
Pattoniana occupy it. 
ı) Macoun, JOHN: List of herbaceous plants in flower in May on Vancouver Island, Forests 
of Vancouver Island, see Bibliography p. 54—55, 
38* 
