596 Part IV. Chapter 4. 
Belt of Pinus albicaulis (6,000—7,000 feet or to timber line). Pinus 
albicaulis, Tsuga Pattoniana, Larix Lyallii and Funiperus nana are found in 
this belt, but in latitude 47° 30° Tsuga Pattoniana is absent. 
The forest about Mount Tacoma (Rainier [46° 40’ n. L.]) consists of Pseudotsuga 
Douglasii, which ranges 'from sea level to 5,600 feet with a diameter from 6—9 feet; the 
coast hemlock, Tsuga Mertensiana ranging from sea level to 5,000 feet, with an extreme 
diameter of 6 feet and a height of 250 feet; Pinus monticola (0—6,000 feet, diameter 5 feet, 
height 150 feet); Pinus ponderosa grows between 400 and 6,200 feet, with an extreme dia- 
meter of 6 feet and a height of 200 feet; Pinus Murrayana ranging from 1,800 to 7,000 feet 
attaining its maximum growth above 4,000 feet. Abies nobilis is found between altitudes 
of 1,800 and 5,200 feet with a diameter of 6 feet and a height of 225 feet. Abies amabilis 
(800—5,500 feet), A. concolor (0—4,200 feet), Picea Engelmanni (1,000—6,200 feet), P. 
sitehensis (o—1,300 feet), Thuja gigantea (0o—5,100 with extreme diameter of 12 feet a 
height of 175 feet), Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (2,600—7,400 feet), Larix occidentalis 
(2,200-—5,600 feet), Taxus brevifolia (0—4,200 feet), are prominent elements of this forest, 
while Pinus albicaulis (3,000—8,200 feet), Abies subalpina (A. lasiocarpa (4,000—7,500 feet) 
the mountain hemlock Tsuga Pattoniana (3,500—7,500 feet and Larix Lyallii (north of 
Mt. Rainier) may be called alpine trees. The deciduous trees of the Mount Tacoma forest 
are Fraxinus oregona, Populus tremuloides, P. trichocarpa and Quercus Garryana. 
To sum up, at an elevation of 4,000 feet, or more, the flanks of Mount 
Tacoma (Rainier) are clothed with a continuous belt of somber forest, disconti- 
nuous only where glaciers and glacial streams have broken the continuity. This’ 
forest consists of Pseudotsuga, Abies amabilis, Pinus monticola, Tsuga Merten- 
siana, Picea Engelmanni (a few). About 3,500 feet the Hiärheter of this forest 
changes: the mountain hemlock Tisuga Pattoniana replaces the coast hemlock; 
Abies nobilis replaces Pseudotsuga. At 4,500 Abies subalpina appears and the 
forest from this point upward consists of the mountain hemlock Tsuga Fatto- 
niana, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Abies subalpina, Pinus albicaulis confined 
to the crests of ridges. At 6,500 feet elevation the timber ceases. Scraggly 
firs and hemlocks more or less prostrate are found. Here too the continuous 
carpet of grasses and flowers stops. 
The undergrowth consists of: 
Salix fluviatilis Nutt. 
» sitchensis Sanson '). 
Pachystima myrsinites Raf. 
Rhamnus Purshiana DC. 
Alnus viridis DC. (= A. alnobetula | Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. 
hrh. (north of Rainier). » sanguineus Pursh. 
» . Oregona Nutt, Acer circinatum Pursh. 
Berberis nervosa Pursh. » glabrum Torr. 
> repens Lindl. (= B. aqui- | Prunus emarginata var. mollis Brewer, 
folium Pursh). (= P. villosa Sudw.). 
I) See PLumMer, F.G.: Bibl. p. 81, and: Forest Condition in the Cascade Range, Washing- 
ton, between the Washington and the Rainier forest Reserves, U. S. Geological Survey, Profes- 
sional paper 6, Series, H. Forestry 3, 1902; CoviLte, F.V.: The August Vegetation of Mount 
Mazama, Oregon. Mazama I: 170—203. May 1897. 
