600 Part IV. Chapter 4. 
consists of herbaceous plants such as Polygonum shastense and Newberry:, 
Phlox Douglasıı, Spraguea, Arenaria pumicola, Arabis platysperma and Erio- 
gonum pyrolaefolium. — On Mount Tacoma (Rainier) the pumice fields are 
found above the limit of trees and they range from 6,500 feet to 10,000 feet. 
They are best developed on the east side of the mountain where the avalanches 
have covered great areas with more or less finely divided basalt. The con- 
spicuous plants are Zupinus Lyallii, Spraguea, Polemonium elegans, Aster 
Pulchellus, Hulsea nana, Erigeron aureus, Polygonum Newberryi, Poa Suks- 
orfi, Draba aureola and Smelowskia ovalis. The last three ascend to an 
altitude of 10,000 feet‘). 
Meadow Formation. Where springs break out, as for example at Crater 
Lake in southern Oregon, little mountain meadows are formed, the vegetation 
of which consists of a dense turf of grasses and sedges interspersed with 
Pedieularis groenlandica, Dodecatheon alpinum, Kalmia glauca, Polygonum 
distortoides, Tofieldia occidentalis, Gaultheria myrsinites and Vaccinium cae- 
spitosum. The vegetation along the precipitous water courses and in the narrow 
shaded ravines is somewhat similar to that of the meadows and is often more 
or less mixed with it. The more striking plants of such localities are Mimulus 
Lewisü, Veratrum viride, Habenaria gracilis, Aconitum columbianum, Viola 
glabella and Veronica alpina (= V. Wormskjoldü). Paradise Valley on the 
south flank of Mount Tacoma (Rainier) is a large mountain meadow cele- 
brated for its flowers, as are also similar mountain parks. 
Bog Formation. Sphagnum bogs, according to PIPER, are quite common 
throughout western Washington. In them grow such plants as Ledum latı- 
folium, Kalmia glauca, Salix myrtilloides, Myrica gale, Betula glandulosa 
and the herbs Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum russeolum, Scheuchzeria palu- 
stris and Funcus oregona. On the drier hummocks 7. suga Mertensiana (= hetero- 
Pphylla) occurs, and in the bogs near the sea coast Ledum columbianum and 
Myrica californica replace their two close relatives. Throughout the forest on 
Vancouver Island bogs also occur and lakes of considerable size are found, 
the largest of which is Cowichan, over 20 miles long, showing several circum- 
areas of vegetation, according to ROSENDAHL. 
Alpine Formation. Although the Phytogeographic district under conside- 
ration includes such mountain peaks as Mount Adams (12,470 feet), Mount 
Baker (10,827 feet), Mount Tacoma (Rainier) (1 4,526 feet), Mount Saint Helens 
(10,000 feet), Mount Hood (11,225 feet), Mount Jefferson (see plate XV) 
and Mount Pitt (9,760 feet), yet the alpine flora of these mountains enumerated 
by PIPER*), comprises 156 species of plants. 
Above timber line, which extends on all the northwestern mountains higher 
on the ridges than in the ravines between, the alpine flora on the highest 
1) PIPER, C. V.: The Flora of Mount Rainier. Mazama II: 94, April 1901; CoVILLE, F. Ve: 
The August Vegetation of Mount Mazama, Oregon. Mazama I: 170—203. 
2) PıpER, C. V.: The Flora of Mount Rainier. Mazama II: 94, April 1901. — The flora of 
Washington, p. 63—65. 
