602 Part IV. Chapter 4. 
of salt marshes, sand dunes and sea beaches .on the Pacific coast side of the 
district. The available timber per township runs from 3,000 feet B. M. (= board 
measure) amid the high mountains to 5,900 feet B. M. in the northwest corner. 
What with fallen timber and undergrowth of ferns and shrubs the forest is 
almost impenetrable. The principal trees of this forest are 7’suga Mertensiana 
(up to 4,500 feet), Pseudotsuga Douglasii with the exception of the area 
immediately bordering the Pacific Ocean, while it extends up the mountain 
slopes to an altitude of 3,500 feet. Adies amabilis (rarely below 1,500 feet), 
Thuja gigantea (\ow and swampy ground). Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (on 
ridges below 3,500 feet), Pinus monticola (about 500 feet on western slopes 
frequently in swamps) are important elements of the forest, while Adies subal- 
pina (= A.lasiocarpa) is found only on the higher parts of the mountains 
and rarely below an elevation of 5,000 feet‘). Below 5,000 feet is the great 
northwestern forest in which Acer circinatum, 4. macrophyllum (bottom lands), 
Arbutus Menziesii and Populus trichocarpa, growing along streams and on 
the shores of small lakes, figures as the deciduous element of the forest. 
e undergrowth consists of Alnus oregona, Cornus Nuttallii, Pirus (Malus) rivularis, Fatsia 
(Echinopanax) horrida and species of Rubus, Vaceinium and Ribes, The herbaceous plants of 
this forest are Monotropa uniflora, M. hypopitys, Boschniakia strobilacea, Pyrola aphylla, 
orallorhiza Mertensiana, Listera convallarioides, L. cordata, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia uniflora, 
Nephrodium (Polystichum) filix mas and munitum (a fern of large size), Adiantum pedatum, Athy- 
rium filix-foemina, Smilacina (Vagnera) racemosa, Allotropa virgata, Goodyera Menziesii, Luzula 
comosa, Trillium ovatum, Prosartes oregona (on borders of swamp) Lycopodium clavatum, 
Streptopus amplexifolius and Neillia opulifolia (in swamps). The herbs in the maple bottoms are 
Asarum caudatum, Tolmiea Menziesii, Mitella caulescens, Dieentra formosa, Hydrophyllum virginicum 
and the moss Mnium Menziesii. 
lpine Formation. Above tree limit, near snow banks, are found Xerophyllum tenax, 
Ranunculus Eschscholzii, Viola glabella, Erythronium revolutum, Taxus brevifolia, Prosartes ore- 
gona (= Disporum majus), Actaea arguta, Berberis nervosa, Ribes lacustre var. parvulum, 
Ribes laxiflorus, Valeriana sitchensis, Mitella trifida, M. Breweri, Menziesia glabella, Rhododendron 
(Azaleastrum) albiflorum, Fragaria cehiloensis, Pedicularis bracteosa and Douglasia nivalis var. dentata. 
inging to overhanging rocks grow such herbs as Pentstemon Menziesii, Saxifraga oceidentalis, 
S. punctata, Allium Tolmiei, Arabis hirsuta, Pachystima myrsinites, Bryanthus (Phyllodoce) empetri- 
formis and Cassiope Mertensiana. 
3. Californian Region. 
The flora of a region with as highly diversified a topography and climate, 
as California, must be of a highly diverse character. The study that botanists 
have made of its vegetation shows that such is the case. The southern an 
southeastern portions of the region are arid in the extreme, and support a 
flora of a desert character; the western flanks of the Sierra Nevada Mountains 
bear a magnificent forest of coniferous trees, which reach giant proportions, 
1) See also DopwELL, ARTHUR and Rıxon, THoDoRE F.: Forest Conditions in the Olympic 
Forest Reserve, Washington U. $. Geological Survey, Professional Papers No. 7, Series 
Forestry 4. 1902. p. 16. 
FETTE 
