608 Part IV. Chapter 4. 
ponderosa var. Feffreyi (5,000 feet and upward), Pinus Lambertiana (at high 
elevations, becoming dwarfed), while the thickets are formed of Ceanothus 
ledifolius, Quercus chrysolepis reaching an elevation of 4,000 feet and dwarfing 
rapidly into its subalpine form var. vaccinifolia, while associated with the above 
are Lophanthus urticifolius, Gilia aggregata, Spraguea umbellata, Eriogonum 
umbellatum, E. ovalifolium and E. Lobii 
The and summit of Mount St. Helena possesses a few species characteristic 
of the humid coast region, or of the high Sierras and other elevated mountain 
ranges, such as Pseudotsuga Douglasii and Cornus Nuttallü, while Ceanothus 
velutinus var. laevigatus, C. prostratus var. divergens and C. foliosus, all found 
on Mount St. Helena, are absent from the inner coast ranges and Diablo. 
Chaparral Formation. The vegetation of the summit of Mount St. 
Helena is distinguished by the prevalence of shrubs of a limited number of 
species which completely mantle the sides of the mountain above 2,300 to 
2,500 feet. 
The shrubs are Arctostaphylos manzanita (with its root-parasite Boschniakia strobilacea) 
Garrya Fremonti, Pickeringia montana, Rhamnus californica, Ceanothus foliosus, Castanopsis 
a ee ger “= Wislizeni with two other low shrubs: Dendromecon rigidum 
and Erio ealifornie ttenuata is scattered more or less all over the mountain 
with its a Arestobiun RE There is a conspicuous lack of herbaceous species 
above 3,000 feet and not a sign of an annual. Of herbaceous perennials there were found by 
Jerson®) Hypericum concinnum, Pedicularis densiflora, Monardella odoratissima and Zygadenus 
Fremontii. The total number of plants collected above 3,000 feet and adapted to grow in the 
arid and gravel-covered areas of the high coast range ridges was twenty-one. 
A subalpine Meadow Formation is found in the Trinity and inner Coast Range Moun- 
tains at an altitude of about 6,500 feet. There are bordered by Veratrum californicum, as 
species of Aster, Viola, Mimulus and Eriogonum spergulinum, while upon these meadows gro 
Ranunculus alismellus, Viola blanda, Gilia Harkensii, Mimulus primuloides, Polygonum ee 
and Potentilla ne is, 
ices of rocks on the summit of Snow-Mountain are occupied by Galium multi- 
florum and Gin pungens. The rocky areas are characterized by Raillardella Muirii, Eriogonum 
umbellatum, E. Lobbi, Polygonum Davisiae. 
5. Mountain Valley Formations. 
Nearly all the oblong or round valleys, common in the coast ranges north 
of San Francisco Bay were the beds of lakes. Clear Lake is a large body 
of water but Tull Lake is one that has been converted into a marsh covered 
by tall rushes while Ukiah Valley has been completely converted into dry 
ground. Each of the geologic formations has its flora. 
Here exists aMarsh Meadow Formation: In the small marshes are Rumex persicarioides, 
Ladnig Gar palustris, Nuphar advena, Brasenia peltata, Oenanthe californica, Alisma plan- 
r of the valleys is virtually a meadow. Here grow bunch grasses, Lilium parda- 
linum, N lilacinus, C. venustus var. oculatus, Iris macrosiphon, Godetia viminea, Ranun- 
culus macranthus, Sisyrinchium bellum,. — 
ı) JErsoN, Wirris L.: ‚Vegetation of the Summit of Mt. St. Helena. Erythea VII: 105 Oct. 1899. 
