618 Part IV. Chapter 4. 
diameter of from 20 to 30 feet. In the Kings River forest a tree was mea- 
sured by JOHN MUIR with a diameter inside the bark of 35 feet 8 inches, four 
feet from the ground, and perhaps 5,000 years old, or less’). In the northern 
Sierra Nevada Mountains the trees of this type of forest mix along the upper 
limits of their range with Adies shastensis (= A. magnifica var. shastensis). 
In this forest, according to my observations, occur Chamaebatia foliolosa, Lilium parvum, L. 
Washingtonianum (with pure white flowers),- Dicentra formosa, Rhododendron (Azalea) oceidentalis, 
Sarcodes sanguinea and under trees of Sequoia in the Calaveras Grove, I noticed Pterospora andro- 
medea and Pleuricospora fimbriolata. Beneath Pinus Lambertiana in the Yosemite grows Ceano- 
thus integerrimus, associated with C. prostratus, which together form mats on warm ridges. 
Elsewhere occurs Ceanothus cordulatus in extensive thickets, while Rhododendron occidentale 
inhabits the banks of cool streams, with Rubus nutkanus. — In the southern Sierras, according 
so ALICE EASTWOOD2) near Kings River Canyon under the Sequoias along streams is found 
Athyrium (Asplenium) cyclosorum var. strietum. 
In the upper pine forests, according to ENGLER3) the following species are endemic: Arabis 
platysperma, Arenaria compacta, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Artemisia Rothrockii, Aster Ander- 
sonii and Bigelovia (Chrysothamnus) Bolanderi. 
S. fluviatilis, Populus trichocarpa, Alnus tenuifolia, Taxus brevifolia (in the canyons) and Prunus 
demissa, while Selinum capitellatum, Mimulus luteus, Pentstemon Bridgesii occur on the banks of 
streams throughout the Yosemite Valley. Saxifraga peltata oceurs along the borders of Cascade 
Creek and other streams in the Sierras. — At the altitude of the Yosemite Valley, the plants 
steep canyon walls, rocky places or talus slopes are: Cryptogramma 
acrostichoides, Cheilanthes gracillima, Pentstemon breviflorus, Sedum spathulifolium, S, obtusatum, 
S. Rhodiola (= Rh. rosea), Gayophytum ramosissimum, Hieracium Breweri (rocky _clifts), Draperia 
systyla, Pentstemon azureus, P. lactus, Antennaria argentea and A. Iuzuloides. 
Wet Meadow Formation. The wet meadows of the Kings River Canyon 
and the Yosemite Valley are characterized by the presence of many perennials. 
Allium validum, Lilium pardalinum, Veratrum californicum, Iris missouriensis, Habenaria leu- 
costachys, Epipactis gigantea may be mentioned together with Ranunculus alismaefolius, R. 
orthorhynchus, R. occidentalis, Aquilegia truncata, Aconitum columbianum (and var. Eisenii), ' 
altha biflora, Sidalcea reptans, Hypericum Scouleri, Viola blanda, Geranium Richardsonii, 
Saxifraga integrifolia, Rosa gratissima, Trifolium mierocephalum, Gayophytum diffusum and 
pumilum, Pedicularis groenlandica and attolens, Mimulus Bigelovii, primuloides and moscha- 
tus, Stachys albens, Heleniastrum rivulare, Senecio aureus, Chaenactis glabriuscula, Nuphar oly- 
sepalum (in open pools), Claytonia Chamissonis, C. parvifolia and exigua, Hosackia crassifolia, 
Potentilla gracilis and Dodecatheon Meadia. Alnus viridis and Corylus rostrata fringe 
the edges of such meadows. The pitcher plant, Darlingtonia califo rnica, grows in marshy 
places from Mount Shasta to the coast associated with Habenaria leucostachys. 
ı) Die “Mark Twain” genannte Sequoia, von welcher eine mächtige Stammscheibe das 
Museum of Natural History, New York, ziert, hatte bei einem Umfang von 62 engl. Fuß (8 Fuß 
über dem Boden gemessen) noch nicht ein Alter von 2000 Jahren. — Siehe Supplement to Ame- 
rican Museum Journal II Nr. 8, Nov. 1902, mit Karte der Verbreitung von Sequoia in Californien. 
2) EASTWOOD, ALICE: A Flora of the south Fork of Kings River. Publications of Sierra 
Club, No. 27, June 1902. 
3) ENGLER, A.: Die Pflanzengeographische Gliederung Nordamerikas, 64. 
