652 Part IV. Chapter 5. 
Fuchsia microphylla, F. thymifolia, Vaccinium, Ribes, Lonicera. In shady mossy 
places are found three orchids: Mierostylis streptopetala, M. platyglossa, M. 
tenuis, and according to my observations at Salazar, Weldenia candida, Thalic- 
trum tomentellum, Pentstemon gentianoides and Pirola secunda'). 
Meadow Formation. This was examined by me at two places: La Cima 
and Salazar. The plain of Salazar is spread out in the broad lap of the 
mountain knobs and is flanked by dense forests of Adies religiosa. Here on 
the grassy battle field, where in 1810, Hidalgo defeated the Spaniards, grow 
many sub-alpine species. 
In sunny ee er to E. STAHL2), are found between the grass clumps Pedicularis 
orizabae, Arenaria decu ‚ Arabis laevigata, Oxalis en Geranium elongatum, Astragalus Sea- 
tonii, Eryngium enden On August ı3th, 1896 in company with Mr. C. G. PRINGLE and 
a Mexican assistant, TRANQUELENO DURANnN, I collected the following plants in the grassy meadows 
at Salazar: Brachypodium mexicanum, Sisyrinchium Schaffneri, Urtica Breweri, Claytonia perfoliata, 
Arenaria alsinoides, A. decussata, Cerastium viscosum, Ranunculus stoloniferus, R. dichotomus, 
Potentilla candicans (forming a large part of the turf), Fragaria mexicana, einsegger involucratum, 
Astragalus strigulosus var. gracilis, Erodium eieutarium, Oxalis ae O. corniculata var. repens, 
inum mexicanum, Euphorbia campestris, Viola Grahami, elliformis, Epflobia onplan- 
dianum, Angelica Bring Eryngium ranunculoides, E. en Salvia fulgens, S. nana, Stachys 
coceinea, S. repens, Prunella vulgaris, Physalis lobata, Solanum tuberosum (probably wild), 
Sibthorpia Sichinchehäis, Castilleja tenuiflora, C. Schaffneri, Mimulus luteus, Plantago patagonica, 
ella, Houstonia Palmeri, Lobelia nana, L. fulgens, Gnaphalium purpureum, Eupatorium popo- 
catepetlense, E. pycnocephalum. 
3. Plant Formations of the Volcanic Peaks. 
Orizaba. Mount Orizaba has its base buried in the luxuriant forests of 
the eastern tierra caliente presenting an unbroken series of mountain belts up 
to the line of perpetual snow, 15,000 feet above sea-level. There is perhaps 
no other mountain which so thoroughly presents the sequence of floristic 
belts as the peak of Orizaba. Between 4,000 and 6,000 feet, Ouercus reticu- 
lata and Q. Orizabae form the forest, but above 8,000 feet, they are com- 
paratively rare, and up to 10,000 föet are scattered through the pine forests. 
Associated with the oaks are 73lia mericana, Alnus jorullensis, A. castaneae- 
Jolia, Fuchsia microphylla, Govenia speciosa, Neottia (Spiranthes) aurantiaca, 
Ferraria (Tigridia) pavonia, Dracocephalum mexicanum, Chimaphila maculata 
and species of the genera Gaultheria, Andromeda, and Ar bnebss spinulosus, the 
last with a tree known as madrono?). 
Coniferous Forest Formation. The summit of Mount Orizaba rises above a forest of 
pines which begins with Pinus leiophylla at 6,600 feet and at 9,000 feet consists of Pinus mon- 
tezumae var. macrophylla, P. teocote and P. pseudostrobus. The lower limit is perhaps regulated 
1) HARSHBFRGER, JOHN, W.: Botan. Excursion to Mexico: see Bibl. p. 83; also Botan. Observ. 
Mex. Fl, loc. eit. 
TAHL, E.: Mexikanische Nadelhölzer in KARSTEN, G. und SCHENCK, H., Vegetationsbilder. 
Zweite Reihe, Heft 3 und 4. Tafel ı7 und ı 
3) LIEBMANN, FRr.: Vulkan Orizaba. Eelnulschs Zeitung 1844: see Bibliography p. 84; GADoWw, 
Hans: Through southern Mexico; 1908: 41—72. 
