46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



was solely responsible for. In justice to Tutt it should be stated that 

 wherever possible he acknowledged the value to him of the work of 

 his friend, of whom he was an enthusiastic admirer. Obviously, 

 however, there was a great deal that was not and could not be 

 acknowledged. 



After Tutt's death Dr. Chapman wrote of the association as follows : 

 " Entomology, therefore, owes to Tutt not only Tutt's own work, but 

 also that of his collaborators, which would otherwise not have been 

 done. As one of these I have sometimes felt a grievance that I 

 elaborated material for Tutt when I would have preferred to work on 

 lines of my own selection." His scientific work as an entomologist — 

 and all of his work was scientific — is, in addition to that included in 

 Tutt's books, scattered through the publications of the Entomological 

 and Zoological Societies and the various entomological magazines, to 

 most of which he was a prolific contributor. It is far too voluminous 

 to be mentioned here, except in the case of a few of his more 

 important subjects. 



Some of the most valuable and interesting work he ever undertook 

 was the elucidation of the earlier stages of certain species of the 

 Lycaenidae, including his share in working out the life-history of our 

 own Lycaena avion. Most remarkable and characteristic of him was 

 the sagacity with which he discovered that the mysterious winter food 

 of the larva was the larvae of its ant hosts themselves ! It will be 

 remembered he detected this by subjecting to microscopic analysis 

 the contents of the intestinal canal of the only larva obtained by 

 making a journey to Cornwall ! Eemarkable, too, was the discovery 

 in the south of France of a butterfly new to science and named by 

 him Gallophrys avis, very similar to C. rubi, but abundantly distinct 

 from it. 



Dr. Chapman was one of the earliest lepidopterists to appreciate 

 the value of the genitalia in determining nearly allied species and 

 much of his most valuable work is in connection with this subject. 

 Amongst other results obtained by this means was the discovery, or 

 rather re-discovery after the original discovery had long been 

 discredited and forgotten, of a Lycaenid butterfly, superficially very 

 near to Polyommatus icarus, but which was shown by its genitalia to 

 be much nearer to Agriades escheri — a species it is superficially quite 

 unlike. This re-discovery was Agriades thersites, Cantener. By the 

 aid of the genitalia he detected the distinctness of Everes alcetas 

 from E. argiades, with which it had previously been included. He 

 also separated Erebia palarica from E. stygne, and proved that what 

 had hitherto been denominated Plebeius argus (agon) consisted of 

 several species. 



His researches into the earlier stages of the Lycaenidae, included the 

 discovery of the larvae of the following species : Polyommatus eros, 

 Agriades escheri, A. thersites, Latiorina orbitulus, L. pyrenaica, Albu- 

 lina pheretes, Lycaena alcon and L. euphemus. His work on these, 

 most carefully and minutely described and magnificently illustrated, 

 is to be found in the ' Transactions of the Entomological Society.' His 

 achievements in this group alone, if it had included everything he ever 

 did, would have satisfied most men, and would have stamped him as 

 an eminent lepidopterist. 



