January 29, 1896. 



Garden and Forest. 



4i 



GARDEN AND FOREST. 



PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY 



THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. 



Office: Tribune Building, New York. 



Conducted by Professor C. S. Sarghnt. 



entered as second-class matter at the post-offich AT NEW YORK, N. V. 



NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29, 1896. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Editorial Articles: — The Shrubbery in Winter 41 



The San Jose Scale in New Jersey 41 



Self-reliance in Farming Professor L. II. Bailey. 42 



Trees ot Minor Importance for Western Planting. — II F. A. Wangk. 42 



Water against Frost Professor R. C. Kedzie. 43 



Foreign Correspondence: — The English Fruit Market IV. Watson. 43 



New or Little-known Plants :— Chrysanthemum. Mayflower. (With figure.). . 44 



Cultural Department:— Lily Blight F. H. Horsford. 44 



Cultural Notes on Orchids E. Q. Orpet. 4=; 



Greenhouse Notes T. D. Hatfield. 46 



Correspondence: — John Brown's Grave Al. G. Van Rensselaer. 47 



Our Native Pla nts in Winter Professor IV. E. Britton. 47 



Meetings of Societies : — Nebraska State Horticullural Society 48 



The Western New York Horticultural Society 49 



Recent Publications 49 



Notes 50 



Illustration :— Chrysanthemum, Mayflower, Fig. 5 45 



The Shrubbery in Winter. 



IN another column a correspondent calls attention to 

 some winter effects in the wild shrubbery which inter- 

 ested him, and, perhaps, it is worth while to repeat what we 

 have often said — that when home-grounds are planted there 

 are many cases where more attention should be given to 

 their winter aspect. Where a house is occupied in summer 

 only, the principal aim should be to make it attractive at 

 that season. There are many trees and shrubs which are 

 conspicuously beautiful in spring and autumn, and, of 

 course, there are places where the selection of species and 

 varieties should be made with special reference to these 

 seasons. But where a country house is occupied in winter 

 it can readily be seen that in some part of the grounds 

 commanded by the windows of rooms appropriated for 

 winter use provision should be made for the prospect at 

 this season. In the middle of this century it was not un- 

 common to have a glade or lawn in such a position bounded 

 by Spruces, Firs, Hemlocks, Pines and other conifers with 

 such broad-leaved evergreens as Kalmias. Rhododendrons, 

 American Hollies, and some herbaceous plants with per- 

 sistent foliage, like Yuccas, for example, and the whole 

 brightened by a few shrubs with colored fruit, like the 

 Carolina Rose, Black Alder, Cockspur Thorn, Snowberry 

 and Bittersweet. Such an arrangement has some merits, 

 although the idea that this green foliage brought in a touch 

 of summer when January was at its bleakest was rather fan- 

 ciful. Any effort to produce summer scenery in winter 

 must be a failure, as, indeed, it ought to be, for what is 

 desirable at a particular season in the landscape is an effect 

 which will harmonize with the prevalent tone of that sea- 

 son, rather than one which conflicts with it. As a matter 

 of fact, however, there is no hint of summer in the winter 

 aspect of evergreens. In freezing weather their darkened 

 foliage only emphasizes the strength of the cold, and the 

 particular human interest they have at this season is their 

 hospitable suggestion of shelter against the driving winds. 

 Whatever is especially home-like and companionable or 

 genial in their winter appearance is not that they remind 

 one of summer verdure, but that they are sturdy enough 

 not only to brave the wildest weather, but to give us some 

 protection against its blasts. 



Following the fashion imported from the mother country, 

 coniferous trees were too exclusively planted in the early 

 years of the century, and we can all remember country 

 houses which were half-smothered in summer under the 

 gloom of their heavy foliage. Perhaps the reaction against 

 this has been too decided, and some of these trees which 

 are beautiful at all seasons are too much neglected. Nev- 

 ertheless, there is an abundance of beauty and variety to 

 be found in deciduous trees and shrubs at this season, 

 and in any scheme of planting for winter effect in this 

 climate they should have the largest place. Most trees 

 have a beauty in winter which is quite as distinct and 

 individual as it is in any other season. Indeed, this 

 is the best time for studying the peculiar structure or 

 framework of a tree — that is, for noting how its branches 

 diverge and the manner in which they break into spray. 

 The special characteristics of a particular species, whether 

 of dignity or grace, are shown as well when the -trees are 

 stripped of their summer garments as at any other time, 

 and never until the leaves are gone can we mark the pecu- 

 liar beauty of the different figures made by the interlacing 

 branchlets against the sky. There is no need to speak of 

 the endless varieties in the shade and texture of the bark, 

 both of trunk and limb and spray, and it is well known 

 that the richest colors in a winter landscape are those of 

 the warm browns of a distant wood. The colors of the 

 small twigs are especially varied, too, and the tinted mist 

 which hovers over a shrubbery a few hundred feet away is 

 collected from the mingled colors of the bark on the smaller 

 branches. 



This brings us to a point in planting shrubbery for win- 

 ter effect which we wish here to insist upon. In former 

 articles we have given lists of various shrubs which are 

 ornamented with brightly colored fruit until midwinter, but 

 we have not so often named those whose bark lends a pleas- 

 ing color to the short days of the year. The glossy green 

 branchlets of the Kerrias, the golden bark of the Willows 

 which warms into still brighter yellow with the approach of 

 spring, the ashen gray of some of the Viburnums and the 

 scarlet twigs of the Dogwoods make pictures of unfailing 

 beauty, either against the glittering snow or the brown 

 earth. Taking the Cornels alone one is surprised to find 

 the variety of form and color they display at this season. 

 Our common Red Osier, Cornus stolonifera, with its broad 

 leaves, pale flowers and bluish white fruit, is ornamental 

 all summer. Its leaves turn purple and yellow in autumn, 

 and now its purple-red branches sustain its beauty in mid- 

 winter. There is a variety of the plant, too, with golden- 

 yellow bark, specimens of which have been exhibited by 

 Mr. Warren Manning at the Massachusetts Horticultural 

 Society, and it is distinct and striking. Cornus alba, the 

 common European Red Osier, which is often sold by 

 nurserymen as Cornus sanguinea, is another bright-barked 

 plant. It is a variable shrub, and one strain, which is called 

 alba SiisTrica, has stems of almost vermilion. Cornus circi- 

 nata, too, one of our native species which is found on 

 wooded hillsides, in addition to its beautiful flowers and 

 light blue fruit, has red and yellow stems which are some- 

 times finely mottled, while Cornus candidissima has an 

 ashen gra.y bark of a singularly soft texture. Certainly a 

 group of these Cornels properly arranged gives a pleasing 

 stretch of varied color, and with judicious selections from 

 other families, by harmonious contrasts, a most interesting 

 feature can be added to our winter landscapes. 



The San Jose Scale in New Jersey. 



IN our report of the late meeting of the New Jersey State 

 Horticultural Society, brief mention was made of a 

 paper on the San Jose scale by Mr. Charles K. Parry, in 

 which he described its destructive nature, the spread it had 

 made in the state of New fersey, and asserted, from his own 

 observation and from information obtained during his visit 

 in California, that certain natural enemies were controlling 

 it in that state, and that the growers had ceased to regard 



