164 



Garden and Forest. 



[Number 426. 



to southern China, Japan and India. It was introduced 

 to the West Indies, according to Macfadyen, from China 

 by Captain Shaddock, whose name has since been given 

 to it. The term Shaddock may be correctly applied to any 

 of the larger members of the giant Citrus and is equivalent 

 to the French pompelmouse, which is another form of the 

 Dutch pomplemoes. The word Pomelow, so widely used 

 in India and Ceylon, is supposed to be a contraction of 

 " pomum melo," the melon apple. The largest Pumelows 

 in India are said to reach " two feet in circumference and 

 weigh ten to twenty pounds." The best sort, according to 

 Bonavia, is "the thin-skinned red pumelow of the Bombay 

 market. " This is of a globose shape, j uicy and " of the color 

 of raw beef internally." There are, however, numerous 

 grades in size, some being almost as small as oranges. In 

 India the varieties do not appear to have recognized names. 

 Elsewhere the smaller fruits have been variously called 

 Paradise apples, Forbidden-fruit and Grape-fruit. 



As_ regards the proper classification of the West Indian 

 varieties, I cannot do better than record that put forth by 

 Dr. James Macfadyen, the learned author of the Flora of 

 Jamaica, which, however, he never lived to carry into more 

 than one volume and part of another. Referring to the 

 large-fruited sorts, he states : " There are two varieties of 

 Shaddock. In var. A. maliformis the fruit is globose, 

 with the pulp of a pale pink color, approaching to a very 

 light yellow. In var. B. pyriformis the fruit is more or 

 less pear-shaped, and the pulp is of crimson color, more or 

 less intense. The second of these varieties is the more 

 esteemed, being sweet and juicy, and having only in a 

 slight and palatable degree the acridity which abounds in 

 the first. I may remark that I have always found the pear- 

 shaped variety good, whereas it is seldom the case with 

 the round-shaped fruit. There cannot be a doubt but that 

 if budding, as is done in China, were more generally prac- 

 ticed, instead of trusting to propagation by seed, that the 

 fruit would be much improved." 



The smaller Pumelows or Shaddocks are ranged by 

 Macfadyen under a distinct species which he calls Citrus 

 Paradisi. The tree is described as thirty feet high, of 

 handsome appearance, with suberect branches and sharp 

 at the apex. The leaves are oval, rounded and smooth on 

 both sides. The flowers have linear petals and the stamens 

 are twenty-five in number. The differences between this 

 and C. decumana appear to consist in the more erect habit 

 of the plant, in the rounded (not emarginate) leaves, and 

 in the linear rounded (not oblong-obtuse) petals. With 

 regard to the fruit he remarks : " There are also two varie- 

 ties of this species : var. A. pyriformis, Barbadoes Grape- 

 fruit ; var. B. maliformis, Forbidden-fruit. The pear-shaped 

 variety, as the Shaddock, possesses most of the sweet prin- 

 ciple, and is, on the whole, a preferable fruit." This clas- 

 sification was made by Macfadyen nearly sixty years ago, 

 therefore, long before these fruits were so widely distributed 

 as now in other parts of tropical America. He was so 

 accurate and skillful an observer that, as far as the New 

 World fruits are concerned, we cannot very well improve 

 upon it. It is doubtful whether the small-fruited sorts he 

 places under C. Paradisi really deserves specific rank, but 

 that point does not affect the main question with which 

 we started, namely : What are the differences, if any, exist- 

 ing between the Shaddock and Grape-fruit? In summing 

 up the results of the investigation we may say that 

 all the larger-fruited sorts may be called indifferently 

 either Pumelows or Shaddocks. These are merely the 

 eastern and western names for the same thing, and are 

 perfectly interchangeable. No distinction appears to have 

 ever been made between them. There are two well- 

 marked varieties, one being globose, with the flesh of a 

 pale pink color, and the other pear-shaped, usually with a 

 deep pink or crimson pulp. As regards the small-fruited 

 sorts, these, according to Macfadyen, may be either glo- 

 bose, when they are called Forbidden-fruit, or pear-shaped, 

 when Grape-fruit is the older name. The name Forbidden- 

 fruit (from a fancied connection with the Garden of Eden) 



is tolerably old in the West Indies. Tussac, in the Flore 

 des Antilles, published in 1824, gives a good figure of the 

 typical Shaddock, which he translates into the French 

 Cliadec. In vol. iii., pp. 73, 74, he states: "J'ai en occa- 

 sion d'observer a la Jamaique, dans le jardin botanique 

 d'East, une espeee de Chadec dont les fruits, qui n'excedent 

 pas en grosseur une belle orange, sont disposes en grappes ; 

 les Anglais de la Jamaique donnent a ce fruit le 110m de 

 'Forbidden-fruit,' fruit defendu, ou smaller shaddock." 

 Later on he refers to the same fruit in the following words : 

 " C'est une assiette de dessert ties distinguee et fort saine " 

 (p. 74). In the illustrations here given are shown the 

 various fruits as known in the New York market. The 

 names attached to them do not, however, correspond to 

 Macfadyen's classification. In the case of the Forbidden- 

 fruit and grape-fruit they are exactly reversed. As usually 

 happens when a name has become familiar in commerce, 

 it is eventually applied in a much wider sense than the 

 original one. Thus, the term grape-fruit has become so 

 general that any moderately large fruit, provided the skin 

 is pale yellow, thin and smooth, and the pulp of a delicate 

 flavor, is designated by it. The fruit commonly called 

 grape-fruit in New York is really the Forbidden-fruit of the 

 West Indies. The true grape-fruit is pear-shaped, and, 

 according to Macfadyen, when obtainable at its best, is 

 preferable to the Forbidden-fruit. The fruit shipped from 

 the Bahamas as grape-fruit is usually round, with a polished 

 yellow skin of a silky texture and very heavy. This is 

 probably one of the best of its class, and quite equal to 

 Macfadyen's pear-shaped variety. Next comes some excel- 

 lent fruit from Jamaica, no doubt that already referred to 

 by Tussac under the name of Forbidden-fruit, a smaller 

 shaddock. According to the New York estimation, this 

 would be almost a typical grape-fruit, supplying "une as- 

 siette de dessert tres distinguee et fort saine. " _ „ r 

 Kew. F>. Morns. 



New or Little-known Plants. 

 Lavatera insularis. 



FOUR species of Lavatera have been described from the 

 islands situated off the western coast of North America. 

 L. assurgentiflora was described by Dr. Kellogg from culti- 

 vated specimens raised from seed said to have come from 

 the small rocky island lying south of Santa Barbara, known 

 as Anacapa. This species is commonly cultivated in west- 

 ern California as an ornamental plant or as a wind-break. 

 It grows very rapidly and thrives well, but must be pro- 

 tected from cattle and rabbits, which are very fond of it and 

 would soon kill it. Californians of Spanish descent claim 

 that the seed of this species was brought from Europe by 

 the padres and raised by them about the old missions. 

 There is a very similar form in the Mediterranean region, 

 where many species of Lavatera grow. L. assurgentiflora 

 has been found on San Miguel, Santa Rosa and small rocky 

 islets about Santa Catalina Islands. 



Another species is known only on Guadaloupe, an island 

 far out in the ocean west of Lower California, and another 

 is peculiar to San Benito, a group of islets nearer the Mexi- 

 can mainland and north of Cedros Island. 



Lavatera insularis (see figure on page 165) is supposed 

 to be a native of the Coronados, small rocky islands 

 belonging to Mexico, situated near the mainland in plain 

 view of San Diego. The distribution of this species must 

 be extremely limited, for, according to Mr. A. W. Anthony, 

 the well-known ornithologist, to whom I am indebted for 

 my information, it grows only in one canon of the largest 

 island. A great part of the year, from lack of water, it is 

 in a dried-up condition, but cultivated plants well watered 

 bear leaves and flowers throughout the entire year. Plants 

 growing in my garden at San Diego, nearly two years old 

 from seed, are quite attractive in appearance, and seem 

 very different from any of the cultivated Lavateras of Cali- 

 fornia. 



The cultivated plant, already as large or larger than 



