282 



Garden and Forest. 



[Number 43S. 



the family. After the longest day's work the Englishman 

 has time for games of tennis before dark, and for much 

 lingering among his plants ; and it is in these twilight 

 hours, when the father is at home, yet when outdoor pleas- 

 ures are still possible, that the domestic life of the English 

 suburban family of the middle class is seen at its best. In 

 short, the English climate helpfully smooths the path of the 

 amateur gardener, but the American climate puts many 

 steep difficulties in his or her way. Almost every Eng- 

 lishwoman takes instinctively to gardening as soon as she 

 has the chance, while only an occasional-born enthusiast 

 tends her own plants in America. But if the women were 

 to change places, their characteristics in this respect would 

 pretty surely be exchanged. It is a difference in climate 

 more than in natural tastes and aptitudes which makes the 

 contrast that every one notes to-day. 



The conclusion of the matter is that the rich man, in 

 America as elsewhere, may dispose his garden pretty much 

 as he pleases, but the man who must count cost, while he 

 may have a garden as beautiful as any Englishman's, and 

 as secluded and protected, should plan it in a different man- 

 ner. He should plant such things as will produce the 

 greatest possible amount of beauty with the least possible 

 amount of care. He should not screen his garden with 

 hedges, which need much attention, are apt to suffer from 

 our hot winter suns, and are with difficulty repaired when 

 a break in them occurs. Rather, he should build a light 

 paling of iron or wood and cover it with hardy vines which 

 can be easily renewed if disaster overtakes them. Thus 

 he will secure protection in summer when he wants to live 

 in his garden, and in winter, when he can no longer live in 

 it to the same extent that the Englishman may, its snow- 

 clad charms will be partially visible as a refreshment to 

 the eyes of passers in the street. He should keep his spaces 

 of grass compact and simple so that they may be cut and 

 watered with the least possible expenditure of time and 

 skill. He should put his tennis-lawn, if possible, in some 

 retired spot, for in a hot American summer it will be quickly 

 worn into shabbiness. He should plant such trees and 

 shrubs as will best withstand our fierce alternations of heat 

 and cold, and such, again, as will need the least amount of 

 care. And his flowers should, for the most part, be such 

 as will come up year after year without the gardener's 

 coaxing, while he should so dispose them along the bor- 

 ders of his shrubberies or palings that, if they grow a little 

 wild, they will not strike a discordant note or look like 

 things deprived of the care that is their due. As to fruit- 

 trees and vegetable gardens, he may better dispense with 

 them and trust to the neighboring shop or commercial gar- 

 den unless he is a true enthusiast or is sure of ample assist- 

 ance to keep them productive. 



As much seclusion, as much variety, as much beauty 

 may be produced in this way as with English methods of 

 planting. Fitting places where children may play, and 

 where their elders may lounge or read, or talk with their 

 friends protected from intrusive eyes, can easily be pro- 

 vided. An abundance of shade can be secured, and an 

 abundance of floral color and gayety ; for our land is par- 

 ticularly rich in those flowering shrubs which surpass any 

 flower-beds in grace and charm of effect, and need no 

 attention save an annual pruning. A place intelligently 

 planted with hardy shrubs and creepers may be rich in 

 color from end to end of the year, even though it contains 

 no smaller flowering plants. But these, too, may easily 

 be had in kinds which need little attention and which, 

 beginning with the bulbous plants of early spring, will keep 

 up their brilliant harvests until the frost kills the last 

 Golden-rods and Asters. The true American type of subur- 

 ban garden, varying from half an acre to three or four acres 

 in extent, has yet to be evolved. When it is evolved it will 

 excite the wondering admiration of even the English vis- 

 itor. It will be created and cared for at comparatively little 

 cost. It will make the towns where it is many times 

 repeated widespread bowers of perpetually changing 

 interest and charm ; and it will make of each home a truly 



homelike spot, attractive enough and individual enough to 

 lay strong hold on the affections of the children who grow 

 up within it, natural enough to foster their love for Nature 

 in her loveliest forms, and yet protected enough to give 

 them full opportunities for the development of united, home- 

 keeping, truly domestic habits of life. 



Plant Names of Indi 



O 



rigin.- 



-III. 



Ipecacuanha (abbreviated to Ipecac, and with variants : 

 Picac, Peca, Hippo, etc.) — A name for several North Ameri- 

 can plants, of which the roots, like those of the officinal 

 Cephaelis, possess emetic properties (Podophyllum, Euphor- 

 bia, Gillenia, etc.) The word Ipecacuanha is derived, 

 though Portuguese, from Tupi (Brazilian) ipe-caa-gocne, 

 meaning, literally, " roadside emetic plant. " 



Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Cornus sericea 

 and C. circinata). — A word belonging to one of the North- 

 western Algonkin dialects (probably Odjibway), and 

 meaning "that which is mixed." The word is used with 

 reference to objects of different kinds mixed in a dry state, 

 and by hand, as implied by the "characteristic" n preced- 

 ing the verbal suffix. The name is applied by the Indians 

 to a mixture of two-thirds tobacco and one-third sumac 

 leaves (gathered when they begin to turn red), or inside 

 bark of Cornus sericea. The preparation varies, however, 

 in different localities and among different tribes, the pro- 

 portion of tobacco sometimes being not more than one- 

 fourth. Our Indians early discovered what it took modern 

 chemists and medical men long to find out, namely, that 

 vegetable substances of an astringent nature (due to tannin) 

 have the property of de-nicotinizing tobacco, thus depriv- 

 ing it of its poisonous principle and preventing its injurious 

 effects upon the nervous system. All the plants used for 

 mixing with tobacco abound in tannin. The word is some- 

 times spelled Killikinnick. 



Kouse, or Kouse-root (Peucedanum ambiguum). — From 

 kowish, the Nez-Perce (Shahaptian) name of the root, which 

 is used by these and other Indians for making bread. 



Knackaway (Ehretia elliptica). — A corruption of Mexican- 

 Spanish anaqua, shortened from anacahuite, which is from 

 Aztec nanahuaquahuitl, " lues venera tree," so called from the 

 medicinal use of the roots. 



Lennikbi (Liriodendron Tulipifera). — A name erroneously 

 transferred by herbalists, herb doctors and herb dealers 

 from Tilia Americana. The word is Delaware (Algonkin) 

 and means " the true tying-bark," " the tying-bark par 

 excellence." * 



Mahogany (Swietenia Mahagoni). — From Taino (Carib 

 dialect of Hayti) mahagoni. The name has been extended, 

 with various specific epithets, to one or more species of 

 several genera of trees, such as Betula, Gymnocladus, Per- 

 sea, Cercocarpus, Catalpa and Rhus. 



Maize (Zea Mays). — From Taino (Haytian Carib) viaiz, 

 or mahiz. — As Dr. J. R. Bartlett remarks: "The word is 

 never used in common language in the United States. 

 Indeed, few would understand it." 



Maycock (Cucurbita Pepo). — From Powhatan (Algonk.) 

 macock, or mahcauq, "a fruit like unto a muskmillion, but 

 lesse and worse" (Strachey). "Macoquer [plural], ac- 

 cording to several forms called by us Pompions, Mellions 

 and Gourdes, because they are of the like formes as those 

 kindes in England" (Hariot's Briefe and true report of the 

 newfound land of Virginia : 1585). "Their macocks are 

 a sort of Melopepones, or lesser sort of Pompions. Of these 

 they [the Virginians] have a great variety, but the Indian 

 name macock serves for all, which name is still retained" 

 (Beverly's Hist. Virginia, p. 27). Professor Scheie de Vere 

 {Americanisms) notes that the name is still in use. The 

 name is the equivalent of the Delaware inachgachq, 

 "pumpkin," and of Odjibway, makak, "box," "chest," 

 "barrel" ; Cree, makkak, "barrel," "cask," etc. The word 

 means " that which covers " ; from the root ak, " to cover," 

 with the impersonal prefix m, used for forming an appella- 



