September 9, 1S96.] 



Garden and Forest. 



363 



plants. There is also a small morphologic laboratory. The 

 main laboratories and museums connected with the institution 

 are situated in other of the Harvard buildings, a short distance 

 away. The system of garden libraries, museums, laboratories 

 and herbaria operated by Harvard College is one of the most 

 complete in existence. It is hard to say, indeed, in what 

 respect it is not ideal, except in the rather wide distance 

 separating the several elements and the small amount of land 

 available for planting;. 



2. The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard College, at Jamaica 

 Plain, Massachusetts, founded through a bequest of $100,000, 

 made about 1870, by Mr. James Arnold, of Providence, Rhode 

 Island, to three trustees, to be used for the improvement of 

 agriculture or horticulture. The trustees wisely determined 

 to devote it to forestry and dendrology, and effected coopera- 

 tive agreements with Harvard College and the city of Boston, 

 which have now given us the greatest tree museum in exist- 

 ence, freely open to the visiting public. The planted area is 

 about 160 acres, and will be materially increased in size. A 

 good museum, library and herbarium building has been 

 erected near the main entrance. The great Silva of North 

 America and the journal Garden and Forest are note- 

 worthy publications from this noble institution. 



3. The Botanical Gardens of the United States Department of 

 Agriculture, at Washington, with an extensive range of green- 

 houses and a large tract of land under cultivation. The her- 

 barium of the department, now deposited with the United States 

 National Museum, is very large, and is at present increasing 

 more rapidly than any other in America. There is a somewhat 

 effective working library which greatly needs material en- 

 largement, and several poorly located and equipped labora- 

 tories in which a vast amount of important investigation is 

 being accomplished, under very unfavorable conditions, 

 which urgently demand improvement. Publications include 

 Bulletin of the Botanical Division, Bulletin of the Divison of 

 Forestry, Bulletin of the Division of Plant Pathology and 

 Physiology, Contributions from the United States National 

 Herbarium, Year-book of the United States Department of 

 Agriculture, and circulars of the several divisions. 



4. The Missouri Botanical Garden, at St. Louis, Missouri. 

 This was established in 1889, through the provisions of the 

 will of Mr. Henry Shaw, who for over thirty years previously 

 had been bringing together material for it on the land about 

 his residence, which was known as Shaw's Garden. There 

 were in all some 670 acres devised to the institution under the 

 will of the generous and philanthropic founder, and from the 

 income yielded by much of this land, not nearly all the area 

 being required for garden purposes, the institution derives its 

 large maintenance fund, which will certainly be greatly in- 

 creased as the land becomes more valuable, and will supply 

 an income sufficient to operate the institution in the most 

 effective manner. There are several greenhouses, a very 

 large and valuable herbarium and library, while the labora- 

 tories of the Shaw School of Botany, at Washington University, 

 are in close relationship to the garden. Much important 

 research, principally taxonomic, has been prosecuted. Publi- 

 cations consist of seven volumes of annual reports, and nine 

 Contributions from the Shaw School of Botany. 



5. The Botanical Garden of the Michigan Agricultural Col- 

 lege. This was begun in 1877, and there are now about three 

 acres under high cultivation, exclusive of the arboretum and 

 decorative grounds, which together cover several acres. There 

 are several small greenhouses, an herbarium of about 60,000 

 specimens, a good botanical library and extensive well- 

 equipped laboratories. 



6. The Botanical Garden of the University of California, at 

 Berkeley. This was established some years ago and comprises 

 several acres in which a large number of plants are grown. It 

 furnishes a valuable adjunct to the work of the botanical 

 department, which has well-equipped laboratories, a working 

 library and a large herbarium. 



7. The Garden of the University of Pennsylvania, recently 

 established. It comprises about three acres in the immediate 

 vicinity of its building, in Philadelphia, and has many species 

 under cultivation. The extensive and well-appointed labora- 

 tories of its School of Biology, good library facilities and a 

 small herbarium afford capital opportunity for research, espe- 

 cially in physiology and morphology. 



8. Smith College, at Northampton, Massachusetts, has also 

 recently established a botanical garden on the campus. 



9. The Buffalo Botanical Garden, in South Park, Buffalo, 

 New York. This was commenced in 1893, and has since 

 made rapid and encouraging progress. A small range of 

 greenhouses has been built and others are planned. A 

 beginning has been made in accumulating a library and 



herbarium, and much permanent planting has been accom- 

 plished. 



10. The New York Botanical Garden. The establishment 

 of the New York Botanical Garden was authorized by the Legis- 

 lature in 1891, and the enabling act amended in 1894. The 

 enterprise was inaugurated and the legislation procured by a 

 committee of the Torrey Botanical Club, appointed in 1889. 

 The act of incorporation provided that when the corporation 

 created should have raised or secured by subscription a sum 

 not less than $250,000, that the Commissioners of Public Parks 

 were authorized to set apart and appropriate a portion of one 

 of the public parks, not exceeding 250 acres, and the Board of 

 Estimate and Apportionment was authorized to issue bonds 

 aggregating the sum of $500,000, for the construction and 

 equipment, within the grounds, of the necessary buildings. 

 The subscription of $250,000 required by the act of incorpora- 

 tion was completed in June, 1895, and the Commissioners of 

 Public Parks, in the following month, formally appropriated 

 250 acres of the northern part of Bronx Park for the purposes 

 of the Garden. Since that time the preparation of plans for 

 the development of the tract has been steadily progressed, 

 including designs for the Museum Building and large Horti- 

 cultural House. This planning is still in progress in charge of 

 a commission of architects, engineers, gardeners and bota- 

 nists, who will complete their work within a short time and be 

 ready to submit a complete scheme to the Board of Managers 

 during the coming autumn. Meanwhile, much preliminary 

 work has been accomplished in clearing the ground, in grad- 

 ing, in the planting of borders, in the establishment of an 

 extensive nursery, and in the accumulation of herbarium, 

 museum and library material. Through a cooperative agree- 

 ment entered into with Columbia College, the herbarium and 

 botanical library of the college will be deposited with the Gar- 

 den, and most of the research and graduate work of the 

 college in botany will be carried on in the new Museum 

 Building. 



The endowment fund has been materially increased, and 

 about 430 persons have become annual members of the Gar- 

 den, contributing ten dollars a year each to its support. The 

 publication of a Bulletin has been commenced by the issue, in 

 April, of the first number of Volume I. 



The Wood Pulp Supply and Our Spruce Forests. 



THE increased demand for white paper for newspapers 

 and other uses has emphasized greatly the value of 

 our Spruce forests, but, unfortunately, the pulp mills have 

 had less regard for the future of their supplies than for the 

 immediate profits in the business. There are upward of 

 two thousand pulp and paper mills in the United States, 

 and they are all busily engaged in denuding the Spruce 

 forests for the purpose of supplying a cheap material for 

 printers and publishers. A cord of Spruce wood makes 

 about 2,000 pounds of wood pulp, and as the average cost 

 of this wood in New England and New York is $7 to $8, 

 no cheaper material for making paper can be found. In 

 parts of New England an acre of Spruce land, carrying 

 about fifteen cords, can be purchased for from §12 to $20, 

 or in man)' places the wood can be had at $1 per cord on 

 the stump. 



The cost of cutting and transporting the wood to its 

 destination represents a heavier item than the mere pur- 

 chase of the trees, especially if the forest is situated at a 

 distance from a river or transportation line. In 1S93 the de- 

 mands for wood pulp exhausted the entire growth of Spruce 

 on at least 100,000 acres, and since then the demand has 

 increased annually at the rate of fifteen per cent. The 

 outlook for the coming year is that nearly 2 acres of 



Spruce trees will be needed to supply the demands of the 

 paper makers and wood pulp manufacturers, for in recent 

 years many articles other than paper are made out of 

 Spruce wood pulp. 



The question of the exhaustion of the Spruce lands is of 

 paramount importance just now. for Spruce lumber has an 

 intrinsic value aside from its importance in the paper in- 

 dustry. No wood can, in fact, lake its place in the light 

 construction of house frames. The only woods that can 

 approach it in this respect are white wood and the Southern 

 pine, but pine lumber is selling lor about $5 per r.OOO feet 



