September 9, 1896.] 



Garden and Forest. 



369 



the ground. When the earlier, summary and necessarily very 

 rough working plans were prepared, the provisions of which 

 have been explained in these pages, they related to the whole 

 country, and the units of management at that time were not 

 compartments, but districts. Accordingly, each of the eleven 

 districts, for which the special working plans were made, was 

 divided into compartments. The aggregate number of these 

 compartments was 1,023, wun a mean area of 639 acres. The 

 growing stock in each compartment was separately estimated 

 on the ground of the sample areas mentioned. In the case of 

 one small forest district in the plains the whole of the trees in 

 that forest were enumerated ; in the other ten districts the 

 growing stock on the sample plots only was counted. The 

 aggregate area of these sample plots was twenty per cent, of 

 the total area of the ten districts. 



On the ground of these data the growing stock of Teak-trees 

 of the different size classes was determined on the area in 

 question, with the following result in regard to the two largest 

 classes : 



First-class trees, in girth 6 ft. and upward, .... 427, Sco 

 Second-class trees, in girth 4 ft. 6 in. to 6 ft., . . . 437,700 



These surveys were made between 1884 and 1892. In 1868 an 

 estimate of the first-class trees then standing in these forest 

 districts was prepared on the ground of the linear valuation 

 surveys that had been made up to that date, supplemented by 

 the personal knowledge of these districts, which the local 

 forest officers had by that time acquired. The valuation sur- 

 veys made in 1868 justified the assumption that at that time 

 the number of the second-class trees amounted to three-fourths 

 of the first class. Hence the growing stock of the two largest 

 classes in these forests in 1868 was : 



First-class trees, in girth 6 ft. and upward, . . . 382,000 

 Second-class trees, in girth 4 ft. 6 in. to 6 ft., . . . 2S6,coo 



From 1S68 to the time when the special working plans were 

 prepared, no trees were girdled in these districts. There has, 

 therefore, been a large increase in trees of the first and second 

 class. The number of second-class trees which have attained 

 first-class size has been 110,000 -|- 46,000= 156,000. This is fifty- 

 five per cent. of thesecond-classtreesin 1S68. From 1868101889 

 (the mean year of the new valuation surveys) twenty-one years 

 have elapsed, hence in these districts zi~gJ-&a = 3& years would 

 be sufficient to bring up the whole of the second-class trees to 

 first-class size. The aggregate number of trees that under the 

 special working plans will hereafter be girdled in these dis- 

 tricts is 11,230, which is one-thirty-eighth of 427,800. Too much 

 weight must not be attributed to this coincidence, for the linear 

 valuation surveys, upon which the estimate of 1S6S was partly 

 based, were made on three per cent, only of the aggregate 

 area of these districts. But, as already stated, the estimate of 

 first-class trees was supplemented by local knowledge, and prob- 

 ably was approximately correct. The proportion between first 

 and second class trees in 1868 may also be depended upon. In the 

 tract at the head-waters of the Hypoo stream, described before, 

 a much shorter period — namely, twenty-three years — seems to 

 be sufficient to bring up the second class trees to first-class 

 size. These forests, however, are all moist forests with excel- 

 lent soil, where growth is more rapid. The annual yield of 

 11,230 trees mentioned above is the aggregate yield of eleven 

 districts. As already explained, the yield was determined for 

 each district separately on the ground of the sample plots 

 examined in each compartment and on the ground of the rate 

 of growth determined for each district. Upon these data the 

 yield of the southernmost district, Thonzay, was, for instance, 

 fixed at 1,000, or one-twenty-fifth, of the first-class trees, while 

 that of the northernmost district, Nawin, was fixed at 2,400, or 

 one-forty-second, of the total number of first-class trees. 

 The improvement which has taken place in the condition of 

 the forest area to which the present remarks relate — that is, of 

 the eleven forest districts for which special working plans have 

 lately been prepared — is, as we have seen, marked by the 

 increase of Teak-trees belonging to the larger classes; it is 

 equally marked by the increase of the smaller classes below 

 four feet six inches in girth. Here we must compare the 

 results of the older valuation surveys as they stand : 

 From 1857 to 186S ) 



were counted on [-647 trees below 4 ft. 6 in. girth per 100 acres. 



14,592 acres, . . ) 

 From 18S4 to 1892 j 



were counted 011^796 " " " " 



131,287 acres, . . ) 

 In order to facilitate comparison, the figures have been 

 reduced to too acres. The older surveys were linear. In 

 those days the object was to explore large forest areas within 

 the shortest time possible. Accordingly, paths were neces- 

 sarily followed wherever such was feasible, and in a hilly 



country these paths in Burma generally lead along the crest of 

 1 d ;es, or along the bottom of valleys, and in such places 

 Teak is frequently more abundant than on the slopes. Hence, 

 while caretully selected sample plots correctly represent all 

 descriptions of forest, the old linear-valuation surveys neces- 

 sarily gave the contents of the richer Teak localities. Hence, 

 when the first-class trees standing in the districts here de- 

 scribed were estimated in 1S68, in order to determine the 

 annual yield of these forests, the number obtained by means 

 of the linear surveys was considerably reduced — by more than 

 one-half. The practical result of the figures given is, that 

 average forest tracts are now better stocked with Teak in 

 girth below four feet six inches than the better Teak locali- 

 ties were stocked, say, twenty-five years ago. 



What has been here advanced will have demonstrated that 

 under the system initiated in 1856 a great improvement has 

 taken place in the forest districts here specially referred to, 

 and that the growing stock of Teak of all ages has considera- 

 bly increased. 

 Bonn, Germany. Dietrich Brandts. 



Exhibitions. 

 The Boston Flower Show. 



A GOOD autumn flower show never lacks for brilliancy, and 

 the exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society 

 at Boston last week was unusually striking in the abundance 

 of glowing color displayed. Even the foliage plants were 

 unusually bright. -Dahlias of all classes were out in great 

 force and in unusual perfection of form, and, of course, 

 Carinas were equally in evidence. Sunflowers and Marigolds 

 gave all the yellow that was needed, while Phloxes, Fuchsias, 

 Asters, Zinnias, Tropagolums, Cockscombs, Japan Lilies, Pinks, 

 Salpiglossis and five large collections of wild flowers added 

 variety as well as richness to the display. The Glory Pea, 

 Clianthus Dampierii, is by no means a novelty, but it is so 

 rarely seen in this country that the well-developed scarlet and 

 black flowers shown by Mrs. Wellington attracted unusual 

 attention. But, after all, the aquatics seemed to have the 

 strongest allurements for most of the visitors, and really they 

 deserved special study. We hope to give some detailed de- 

 scription of these plants and of other leading features of the 

 exhibition, but at the time this is written we have only 

 space to say that for the general display of Nymphasas, 

 Nelumbiums and other aquatic plants, including not less [ban 

 twenty-five blooms of Nymphasas, John Simpkins, Esq., of Yar- 

 mouthport (James Brydon, gardener), received the first prize, 

 and Oakes Ames, Esq. (Carl Blomberg, gardener), received the 

 second prize. Mr. William Tricker also brought from the 

 Water Gardens of Henry A. Dreer a magnificent collection of 

 various blooms in thirty-five varieties, which were not placed 

 in competition, while L. W. Goodell, of Pansy Park, had a 

 fourth collection of the choicest-named varieties, which was 

 also considered as anon-competitive trade exhibit. The ar- 

 rangement of the great masses of decorative plants was 

 unusally good, and a large proportion of the specimens had 

 individual merit. 



Some of the principal prizes taken were by Dr. C. G. Weld, 

 John L. Gardiner and J. W. Howard for Palms ; G. A. Nicker- 

 son, N. T. Kidder, Jos. H. White for collections of foliage and 

 greenhouse plants ; George McWilliams forCaladiums ; James 

 L. Little for Cannas ; James Comley for Zinnias; Mrs. P. 1). 

 Richards and Miss Genevieve Doran for collections of n 

 plants ; J. W. Manning for hardy coniferous trees. Mr. R. 

 Cameron also brought a well-selected group of plants from 

 the fine specimens in the Harvard Botanical Gardens. 



Notes. 



Mr. Joseph Meehan writes that trees of Onerous Prinus, the 

 Rock Chestnut Oak, are loaded with acorns this year beyond 

 precedent in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. The brandies 

 are actually bending under the weight of their acorns, just as 

 overloaded fruit-trees do in an orchard. This Oak is always 

 a handsome tree, and its firm, yellow-green, chestnut-shaped 

 leaves, being glossy above and pale, downy beneath, give it an 

 appearance of singular richness in the sunlight. It grows to a 

 large size and attains a great age. 



The freight on a barrel of apples from this port to Liverpool 

 averages about fifty cents. There are small charges there for 

 insurance, sampling, etc., which amount to something like 

 fifteen cents, in addition to the five per cent, which is charged 

 for selling the apples at auction. A sample of two barrels is 



