March i, 1893. J 



Garden and Forest. 



97 



r^ A "Ti'PM'^lVT A 1\T1~^ rr/^DtrOT' from the woody tube which has connected it with the seed- 



(j^[\J_j£^[^ /\INJ_J JrV^lAl^ol • leaves during its growth, and falls to the ground, the root-end 



sticks fast in the mud, while the young unfolding leaves at 



PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY ^^^ othcr end are held up above the surface of the water. 



Without this arrangement for aerial germination the seed 



THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. dropping into the wet mud would rot, and without the long 



radicle weighted at the lower end the seedling-plant could 



Office : Tribune Building, New York. HOt fasten itself in the ground, and SO might be Washed 



away and destroyed, or hold its unfolding leaves above the 



surface of the water. 



A tree on an exposed shore, with nothing but soft mud 



Conducted by Professor C. S. Sargent. ^^ j^^j^ j^^ ^^^^^^ ^NO^^\^ SOOn be Overturned by the wind 



without it was provided with a special anchoring appara- 

 tus ; and the Mangrove is made secure in its position by 



ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. ^^^.j^j ^^^^^ dCVelOpCd frOm thC StCm aud branChCS. The 



- first appear at some distance above the ground, and arch- 



»,r-,i7 i;-^T-.T^ Tifcr^MccrN A V n/iADr-u D ills' outward dcscend into the mud at a considerable dis- 



NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, MARCH i, 1803. , *=> r j-i, + u-i +1, 11 j i- n 



" " ' ' ' ■'^ tance from the stem, while the second descend vertically, 



■ and, attaching themselves to the soil, gradually thicken, 



TABLE OF CONTENTS ^""-^ finally become stems. By means of these extra roots, 



' the home of oysters and barnacles, the Mangrove is not 



^, „ ^ ,„,.,, _ , PAGE, only firmly held in position, but, by gradually extending 



Editorial Articles:— The Manj^rove-tree. (With figures.) 97 ji i i- i j.- i i i i , c 



The Gift of a Tract of Land on the Charles River 98 the shorc-line by a contuiuous outward development of 



The Value of Marsh Lands 98 roots, is able to reclaim solid land from the water. For the 



A Rare Fern S.F.Price. 99 ^lass of roots and stems hold a part of the mud washed in 



Plant Notes :— Hybrid Brier Roses 100 . . . , , .^ r j.t- 1 i. • u ^i 



Foreign Correspondence :-A Famous English Nursery V. C. loi by HSmg tldeS, and With the aid of the leaveS, whlch the 



Cultural Department:— Orchids for Window Plants J. N. Gerard, ■lo'z Mangrove shcds in great numbcrs every year, gradually 



BiUbergia Bakeri as a House-plant i-KE-E^d/cM. 103 consolidate it, and the secdling-plauts are provided with 



Roses W. H. Tapli7i. loi, -i t xi • j. j. -i. i. i r 11 



Cultivated Palms in California J. c. Harvey, ^ot, SOU. ill this Way a vast territory has been tormcd along 



CoRKESPONnENCE:—Feeding-piaces for Birds ^ Percy c. o hi. zos the tropical shorcs of the world, and for a period longer 



New Hvbrid Cvpripediums Robert M. Grey . 105 ,1 .i 1 • 1 ji ■i\r 1 1 



SaiixbaisamifeVa.. Ed-ward L. Rand. 105 than the human miud Can mcasurc the Mangrove has been 



The Season in Northern California CariPurdy. 106 fulfiUing its mission on the earth and slowly turning water 



The Forest: — The White Mountain Forests J. B. Harrison 106 • .1 1 



The White Pine for Timber Robert Douglas. 106 i^^O lana. 



Exhibitions :— Carnations at Philadelphia 107 In the genus Rhizophora three spccics are rccognized 



The Flower Show at Rose Hill Nurseries 107 by botanists ; thcsc are all similar in general appearance 



Recent P"^""™""-;;;" •;;;;;;";;;;;;;;;;";;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;";;;;;; 'J^ and in habit, and only differ in the form of their leaves and 



iLLu^RATioNsi-TheMangroVeVtreM 101 i" some unimportant floral characters. Two species belong 



The Mangrove-tree (Rhizophora Mangle) in Florida, Fig. 18 103 tO the Old World, where thcSC trCCS are found in Asia, 



— Africa, Australia, and on all tropical islands, while the 



The Mano-rove-tree iS\\x^ species, Rhizophora Mangle, is American and an 



*= " inhabitant, in the United States, of Louisiana, Texas and 



A TREE which seemed to shoot dart-like branches from southern Florida, where it is extremely abundant south of 



its top into the ground, where they proceeded to take Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, especially on Cape Sable, 



root and grow, which from its trunk sent forth roots cov- the shores of Bay Biscayne, and on some of the smaller 



ered with oysters and other sheil-fish, and appeared to drop southern keys, which are occasionally covered by it. 



from its branches streams of resin which consolidated into Rhizophora Mangle is a beautiful, round-topped, bushy 



stems, was naturally an object of astonishment to Europeans tree with spreading branches ; usually it is only fifteen or 



three hundred years ago, and in many of the narratives of twenty feet high, and so entirely occupies the ground with 



the early voyages to the west coast of Africa and to the its innumerable roots and stems that no other tree can 



West Indies and Brazil are accounts more or less fantastic grow in company with it ; sometimes, however, it is found 



of the tree which is now called Mangrove, or Rhizophora. m ground which is not saturated with salt-water, and then 



Wonderful as were these stories travelers brought home, it grows up tall and straight to a height of seventy or 



they are less wonderful than the peculiar adaptation of the eighty feet and forms a narrow head and few aerial roots. 



Mangrove to maintain its existence under conditions which Such trees as this (see illustration on page loi) are not 



would destroy it without some such special provisions, and uncommon in Florida on the shores of some of the small 



not only to exist, but to spread over large areas and play a streams flowing into Bay Biscayne and on Cape Sable, and 



well-defined and important part in the economy of nature. when they are seen from a distance it is diflicult to be- 



The home of the Mangrove is on the borders of muddy lieve that they belong to the same species as the trees 



tropical tidal marshes along the margins of shallow salt or which grow on the tide-water banks of the neighboring 



brackish streams, lagoons and estuaries. A tree placed in lagoons. The trunk of a tree of the ordinary form, with 



such a position without a solid hold for its roots, and its stout anchor roots, appears in the illustration on page 



with no dry ground for its seeds to germinate in, would 103, which shows the peculiar habit of the tree as it usually 



soon disappear unless supplied with special means of over- appears in Florida, growing under favorable conditions, 



coming these difficulties. This the Mangrove is able to do The leaves of Rhizophora l\Iangle are opposite, oval, 



by its power to develop aerial roots and by the peculiar entire, thick and leathery, dark green and very lustrous, 



structure of the seed, which germinates in the fruit while and are enclosed in the bud by long lanceolate stipules 



on the branches. The fruit of the Mangrove is a conical, which fall as the leaves unfold. The flowers, like those of 



dry berry containing a single seed with fleshy, closely many tropical plants, are produced continuously through the 



united seed-leaves and a long thick radicle or stem ; this, year, as the Mangrove knows no period of rest; they are 



when the fruit is of full size, begins to grow, and, perforat- yellow, an inch across when fully open, with acute-ribbed 



ing the point of the fruit, increases in length until it is some- caly.x-lobes and minute petals covered on the inner surface 



times a foot long ; the lower end, from which the roots are with long white hairs, and are borne singly on the branches 



to grow, for the radicle is the first joint of the future trunk, of stout two or three-branched stems produced from the 



is much heavier and thicker than the other which contains axils of young leaves. The fruit, before the radicle pro- 



the bud, so that when it attains its full size, and separating trudes from its apex, is shaped somewhat like a strawberry 



