,»|AY>3l.,yi893-J 



Garden and Forest. 



239 



least equal the amount that would be received if placed in a 

 savings-bank. These things have certainly not yet been proved 

 jip practice. 



-,,, Dr, Jarchow's views on economic questions are peculiar. 

 ,T6 illustrate one of his positions he supposes that a private 

 person owns a mine which costs every year $100,000, while the 

 output brings $100,000. In this case he says it is plain there 

 .will be no net profit. If, however, the government owned this 

 mine and paid$ioo,ooofor machinery and labor every year, and 

 received for the output $100,000 a year, all that, he holds, would 

 'be clear gain to the state, because all the money paid out 

 'must be considered as a benefit to the state. It is possible to 

 'figtire out the profitableness of state forests in this way, but 

 the average American would hardly accept this method as 

 •accurate. We may add that Dr. Jarchow is not sufficiently 

 familiat with our forest-trees to make him a trustworthy au- 

 thority. He should not assert, for example, that the variety of 

 trees' of spontaneous growth in the state of New York is larger 

 'than it is in any other state of the Union. It is true, as he says, 

 •that American forests contain many trees which are not forest- 

 1rees proper, but which are of great value as a soil cover, as 

 nurses, or for filling in between crops, or to promote the 

 growth of true forest-trees in some way. Among the trees 

 which are not " true forest-trees," by which, we apprehend, 

 he means timber-trees, or trees which have a market value 

 'for some purpose, he mentions the Poplars, Basswood, the 

 Locust, the Catalpa, the Tulip-tree and others. His statement 

 .that the planting of forest-trees can only succeed in places 

 where there is no grass and where no grass would ordinarily 

 grow for some years to come, is altogether erroneous so lar 

 as this country is concerned, and we apprehend it is erroneous 

 when applied to any country of the same latitude in the north 

 temperate zone. From all this it will be seen that we do 

 hot consider Dr. Jarchow's book a safe guide in its details, and 

 yet it would be wrong to say that it has no value. Readers 

 who have some familiarity with the subject, and who can be 

 trusted to make the necessary reservations and exceptions, 

 will find some instruction in the views of a man who has evi- 

 dently a considerable knowledge of the methods of European 

 forestry. The reader should know, however, how to translate 

 some of the terms into English. For example, when Dr. Jar- 

 chow wishes to say "wind-break" he writes "wood-mantel" 

 (Waldmantel). What Dr. Schlich calls coppice under stand- 

 ard. Dr. Jarchow speaks of as " middle forest " (Mittelwald). 



The Columbian Exposition. 

 The Apple Exhibits. 



APPLES of the crop of 1892, taken from cold-storage and 

 exhibited in the Horticultural Building, are displayed by 

 states and provinces, as follows : Maine, New York, Newjer- 

 isey, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, 

 Colorado, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California, Ontario, 

 .Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island ; and New South 

 Wales sends ten varieties of the current year's crop. The dis- 

 plays of apples from the north-western states — Idaho, Oregon, 

 Washington— are characterized by fruits of enormous size, 

 high color and remarkable freedom from scab. To an eastern 

 man, the most interesting variety from these states is the Yel- 

 low Newtown Pippin, which is the leading apple over a great 

 territory there, and which is twice as large as the same apple 

 grown in the Hudson River valley. Blue Pearmain, which is 

 little known in the eastern states, ranks second in general im- 

 portance in the north-west, and specimens on exhibition here 

 measure fourteen inches in circumference. The Idaho com- 

 missioner considers Yellow Newtown Pippin, Blue Pearmain, 

 White Winter Pearmain, Winesap, Janet, Ben Davis, Wolf 

 River and Esopus Spitzenburgh the leading winter apples for 

 that state. He has an exhibition of twenty-three varieties in 

 the fresh state, and an additional number in liquids. These 

 are all grOwn upon the table-lands without irrigation. The 

 Oregon and most of the Washington apples were grown under 

 irrigation. There is a conspicuous difference in specimens of 

 the same variety when grown with and without irrigation. The 

 Irrigated apples are usually larger than the others, higher-col- 

 lored, better keepers, and have a superior flavor. The Oregon 

 'exhibit of apples is remarkable for its effective arrangement, 

 the different colors and sizes being alternated and composed 

 for the purpose of giving a general effect. There are twenty- 

 "six varieties in the exhibit, although the number of plates is 

 •much greater. Washington shows eighteen varieties, which 

 are much like those from Oregon. The Washington commis- 

 "Bioner would select the best winter apples for Washington as 

 follows : Yellow Newtown Pippin, Blue Pearmain, VVinesap, 



Red Cheek Pippin, Janet, Rome Beauty, White Winter Pear- 

 main, Ben Davis, Swaar, Rhode Island Greening and Vande- 

 vere, the latter being recommended for very late fall. Apple- 

 trees are commonly planted one rod apart in Washington, al- 

 though twenty feet each way is probably the ideal distance 

 for the eastern part of the state, where the sunlight is intense. 

 Nearer the coast, where the atmosphere is less bright, two 

 rods apart is perhaps the better distance. Ten-year-old trees 

 should bear ten boxes of fifty pounds each, and the fruit should 

 sell to general buyers for one cent per pound on the average. 

 Froni California, plates of Ben Davis, Yellow Newtown Pip- 

 pin and White Winter Pearmain were shown. Colorado shows 

 handsome Ben Davis and an apple known in that state as Lim- 

 ber Twig, although it is, perhaps, not the Limber Twig of the east. 



Missouri has one of the most attractive exhibits in the hall, 

 although the green apples are mostly in storage at this writing. 

 The Ben Davis is the leading variety in the display. In all 

 states east of the Mississippi the apple-scab injury is apparent, 

 and the apples are smaller and firmer than those from the 

 west. Illinois shows over twenty sorts, among which the Ben 

 Davis, Winesap, Jonathan and Janet are conspicuous. The 

 Iowa and Michigan exhibits are small, owing mostly to the 

 short crops in those states in 1892. Minnesota shows twenty- 

 five varieties, many of which are scarcely known outside that 

 state. The leading winter apple on exhibition is Wealthy. The 

 most conspicuous Minnesota seedlings are the following : 

 Malinda, an early winter apple, much like Yellow Bellflower 

 in shape and color, although more regular, and perhaps some- 

 what longer than that variety ; Peerless, a Duchess seedling, 

 and thought by many to be the most promising of the new 

 Minnesota apples. It is medium to large in size, oblong, 

 marked like Duchess, although less highly colored ; quality 

 excellent. Parks' Winter, in color and shape, is much like Fall 

 Pippin, although considerably smaller. It is usually marked 

 with one or two russet lines radiating from the stem. Rollin's 

 Russet is a flat, short-stemmed russet apple with a splashed 

 green cheek, originating in the south-eastern part of the state. 

 Ames closely resembles the Black Gilliflower in shape, but is 

 more distinctly and lightly striped, and is, of course, much 

 hardier. It is not yet propagated, but is promising on account 

 of hardiness and productiveness. 



Wisconsin has thirty varieties on the tables. Here, as in 

 Minnesota, Wealthy leads. The Duchess seedlings are con- 

 spicuous. In Waupaca County alone thirteen Duchess seed- 

 lings are known, all but one of which are later and better than 

 the parent. Little-known Wisconsin apples on exhibition are 

 the following : Crocker, a variety originating in north-eastern 

 New York. It closely resembles Pewaukee, but is much 

 hardier and lighter-colored. Pewaukee is not sufficiently 

 hardy to be profitable in Wisconsin. Rich's Greening has 

 much the look of an uncolored Fall Pippin, and is said to be 

 superior in flavor and keeping qualities to the north-western 

 Greening. Blaine is a conical apple of size and color of Ben 

 Davis, with a very long stem. Alden is much like Blaine, but 

 a better bearer and better in quality. Matthew's Russet has 

 much the appearance of Rollin's Russet, of Minnesota, but it 

 is more uniformly russeted. Manning's Russet is a more 

 conical apple, with a more uniform russet color and a better 

 keeper. Jenny is evidently one of the Pewaukee family, but 

 longer. It is very hardy and productive; quality fair. Ben 

 Davis is not hardy in Minnesota and Wisconsin. 



Passing to the eastward of Lake Michigan, one comes into 

 the region where Baldwin is the leading apple. New York 

 shows the greatest number of varieties of any state or prov- 

 ince. Upon the opening. May i, no varieties were upon the 

 tables, and ten days later, when the judges passed upon the 

 exhibit, loi varieties were still shown. Canada is strongly rep- 

 resented. Ontario showed 555 plates when the judges passed, 

 and thirty-eight varieties, nearly all standard kinds. Quebec 

 showed eighty varieties. Nova Scotia eighty-nine, and Prince 

 Edward Island twenty. The leading Ontario apples on exhi- 

 bition are Baldwin, Hubbardston, Mann, Roxbury Russet, 

 Canada Red, Ben Davis, Cranberry Pippin, Pewaukee, Ribston 

 Pippin, American Pippin, King, Rhode Island Greening and 

 Northern Spy. The leading Quebec sorts are Mcintosh Red, 

 Scott's Winter, Borsdorf, Wolf River, Canada Red, Flushing 

 Spitzenburgh, Canada Baldwin, Pewaukee, Winter St. Law- 

 rence, Pomme de Fer, Blue Pearmain, Haas, Bethel and Alex- 

 ander. Switzer is one of the promising new kinds. Fameuse 

 is disappearing because of scab. From Prince Edward 

 Island, Canada Baldwin, Blenheim, Gravenstein, Ribston Pip- 

 pin and Alexander are the chief varieties shown. 



Maine shows a very handsome collection of thirty-five vari- 

 eties, in which Baldwin, Northern Spy, Fameuse, American 

 Golden Russet and Hubbardston are conspicuous. New Jersey 

 has a small unnamed collection in a refrigerator case. 



