3 88 



Garden and Forest. 



[August 6, 1890. 



inches long. The plant is specially valuable because it blooms 

 when few shrubs are in flower. Mr. Parsons reports that it is 

 sometimes affected slightly by the winter. 



The proceedings at the fifteenth annual meeting of the 

 American Association of Nurserymen, held in this city last 

 June, have been promptly published in a neat volume of 100 

 pages, with a portrait of the President for the coming year, 

 Hon. S. M. Emery, of Minnesota. 



An exhibition of jams, bottled, preserved and dried fruits of all 

 kinds, is to be held in London under the direction of the Royal 

 Horticultural Society, on the 14th, 15th and 16th days of Octo- 

 ber next. The chief object of the exhibition will be to show 

 the advance which has been made during recent years in pro- 

 cesses of preserving and drying edible fruits for consumption. 

 For the schedule of premiums and other information applica- 

 tion should be made to the Secretary of the Royal Horti- 

 cultural Society, 117 Victoria Street, London, S. W. 



The American Forestry Association has accepted the kind 

 invitation of the Government of the Province of Quebec to 

 hold its annual meeting in the Parliament Buildings, Quebec, 

 from the 2d to the 5th day of September. While the condi- 

 tions under which the Association will meet are a guarantee 

 for earnest and useful work in the cause of forestry, the his- 

 torical city of Quebec, with its beautiful surroundings, will also 

 help to secure a large attendance. All persons who intend to 

 read papers at the meeting are requested to send the title to 

 the First Vice-President, Honorable H. G. Joly, 15 Buade Street, 

 Quebec, before the 15th of August. 



Captain Hayward is the name of another finely colored and 

 scented new Hybrid Perpetual Rose, sent out by Mr. Henry 

 Bennett, of Shepperton, and a correspondent of The (London) 

 Garden speaks of it as a valuable addition to a long list of good 

 things this raiser has produced. The flowers are very showy, 

 and remind one when fully expanded of those of Ulrich Brun- 

 ner, but they are quite distinct. Their color is rich crimson, 

 shaded with a bluish tone when open, while the scent is strong 

 and rich. The vigor of the bloom and stem indicates unusual 

 robustness in the plant, and if this proves true then we have a 

 welcome Rose of fine, bold character for the garden. 



Different Kcelreuteria-trees vary considerably in their time of 

 coming into bloom. This year we observed one in full flower 

 on the fourth of July and near it is another which is still in 

 flower. The trees vary greatly also in the appearance of their 

 fruit, which stands outabove the foliage in large spreading, 

 bladdery panicles. In some the color is a very soft, light yel- 

 lowish green, while in others even at their earliest appearance 

 the color is a rich reddish bronze. The Kcelreuteria is one 

 of the most interesting of small trees at all seasons. Its foliage 

 is abundant and healthy, and rarely visited by destructive in- 

 sects. The great panicles of bright yellow flowers make it a 

 striking object when in bloom, and the fruit, until it dries up 

 and turns brown, also adds to its effectiveness. 



The carelessness with which writers in popular journals 

 speak of trees was shown in a recent number of the Pall Mall 

 Gazette, when the fabled " World-tree," believed in by north- 

 ern nations in Pagan times, is spoken of. New Yorkers have 

 had a picture of this " World-tree " put before them of late in 

 Wagner's opera, where Siegmund draws from its giant trunk 

 the enchanted sword, and many will recollect that in the text it 

 is called an Ash — Esche. Such in fact it was thought to be, 

 and it is well known that the Ash, like the Oak, long retained 

 its sacred character among the Germans even after they v/ere 

 christianized. Yet the writer referred to calls the "World-tree " 

 a " Mountain Ash." This does not mean an Ash at all, as every 

 one should know, for the tree is common everywhere in cul- 

 tivation, but a tree of another family altogether, one which 

 never grows to large dimensions and belongs in the same 

 genus with the Apple and Pear. 



The people of Florida believe that there is a prosperous 

 future for the Pomelo as a summer fruit. This fruit varies in 

 acidity. In most varieties the acid becomes agreeably mild in 

 May, but in many instances it remains strong until midsum- 

 mer, so that by proper selection and management good fruit 

 can undoubtedly be had all through the hot season. In the 

 middle of July some fine fruit appeared in the Jacksonville 

 market and sold there at ten cents apiece. The Lakeland 

 Advocate quotes returns for seven boxes of bright Grape-Fruit 

 in good condition, each box about the size of an ordinary 

 orange-box and holding some fifty fruits, and they netted the 

 grower more than eight cents apiece. This is said to be the 

 highest wholesale price yet received, but certainly it is not 

 more than the real value of the fruit, which many people 



consider superior to the orange. It should be eaten so as to 

 avoid the bitter flavor of the peel and the core, the best 

 method of preparing it being to peel the fruit first and then 

 carefully to separate the pulp from the remaining integu- 

 ments. 



Quoting from an Italian journal a writer in the Bulletin of 

 the Torrey Botanical Club for July says with regard to the 

 naturalization of American plants in France: "In 1881 on the 

 banks of the Meurthe, near Nancy, a few specimens of Lepi- 

 dium Virginicum (Wild Peppergrass) were found among 

 growths of Lepidium ruderale (a European species which is 

 sparingly adventive in this country), and two other adventive 

 American plants, a Gilia and Amsinckia lycopsioides. They 

 lasted about ten years and disappeared along with the manu- 

 factory of flannel shirts, to which they probably owed their 

 origin in that place, as the wool used in the looms (presuma- 

 bly brought from Chili) was cleaned in the river and spread on 

 its pebbly banks to dry. Lepidium Virginicu?n disappeared 

 with the rest of the foreigners, but several years later was 

 found again near Nancy, and, with Poa poceoides and Salvia 

 verticillata, is spreading along the railroads. Oenothera biennis 

 and CE. muricata are adventive on the banks of the Moselle 

 and abundant there," while the same Peppergrass, which has 

 been so persistent at Nancy, has been known for forty years 

 in one spot at Bayonne, and has spread through the depart- 

 ments of Landes and Basses Pyrenees, " where it is now 

 abundant in waste places and along railroads." 



The State Analyst of New York State having recently been 

 requested by the Secretary of the State Board of Health to give 

 his opinion with regard to the wholesomeness of cotton-seed 

 oil and of lard and lard compounds into which this oil enters 

 as a component part, has replied as follows : "I am clearly of 

 the opinion that cotton-seed oil, whether used alone or com- 

 mingled with other oils or fats, is a perfectly wholesome and 

 nutritious food, and-as easily digested and assimilated as any 

 of the commonly employed fats. In support of this view the 

 opinion of numberless writers upon the subject and of experts 

 in chemistry and physiology might be adduced. Throughout 

 the cotton-growing states it has been for a long time very 

 largely used, and the medical faculty of the Arkansas Univer- 

 sity say that it is to be preferred to other fats in many respects, 

 'agreeing with the most delicate stomachs, whether used in 

 baking or frying,' and that ' not one instance has ever been 

 given of health being in any manner impaired by the use, 

 however free, of cotton-seed oil in food.' They say that 

 ' thousands of hands employed in the cotton-seed oil mills are 

 in the habit of making their dinners on the crude oil by dip- 

 ping their bread in it, and some of them actually drink it, and 

 yet from this free use of it nothing has ever resulted but the 

 best of health.' " 



Professor B. D. Halsted in an article entitled "Observations 

 on the Doubling of Flowers," published in the Popular Science 

 Monthly for July, cites this instance of a doubling process. 

 " In the Petunia the doubling of the flower is usually accom- 

 panied by a remarkable modification of the pistil — in short, a 

 secondary flower is formed within the ovary. Botanists have 

 long recognized an exceptional development of the floral axis 

 which has been termed prolification. In this there may be a 

 prolongation of the axis beyond the blossom, and the develop- 

 ment upon it of ordinary foliage. The European Larch fur- 

 nishes a good illustration of this. Sometimes an ordinary 

 leafy stem extends upward from the centre of the cone for 

 nearly a foot. In rare cases leafy branches have grown out 

 from the free or blossom end of pears, and buds and long 

 branches have arisen from the centre of a rose. In the Petunia 

 this prolification, if we may call itsucli, assumes the form of a 

 small and much contorted flower. Repeated examinations of 

 normal flowers fail to show any unusual structure to the pistil. 

 It is, therefore, associated with the doubling process in the 

 Petunia. Instead of the end of the floral axis, which termin- 

 ates at the base of the single' centrally situated pistil, remain- 

 ing as such, it develops into another flower, and this within 

 the ovary of the primary blossom. Just why we should have 

 this peculier form of prolification, or any, in fact, is not for us 

 to decide. The ordinary forces which would construct a nor- 

 mal flower have been thrown into confusion, and retrograde 

 metamorphoses and floral prolification have resulted. In fact, 

 it seems evident that out of the substance ordinarily producing 

 a capsule of Petunia-seed has been formed in the same ovary 

 an amalgamation of stamens, petals, and a rudimentary pistil. 

 In short, the tendency to petaline display does not stop with 

 the stamens, but invades the pistil, and transforms it as already 

 described." 



