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Monkeys ; and that the difference between the bi'ains of the Chimpanzee and 

 Man is almost insignificant, when compared with that between the Chimpanzee 

 brain and that of the Lemur." Now the Lemur is recognised as the near 

 relation of the Monkeys. Both are included in the order Quadrumana. Yet 

 it should not be too hastily inferred that these creatures, the Apes and Mon- 

 keys, are nearest man in point of intelligence. The intelligence of the Elephant 

 and Dog so far exceeding that of the larger part of the Quadrumana, although 

 their brains are of a type much more remote from the Human, may serve (as 

 Lyell remarks) to convince us that we are yet far from understanding the real 

 nature of the connection of intellectual superiority with Cerebral development. 



Time will not allow me to enter into any detail of the experiments which 

 have confirmed inferential reasoning respecting the functions of the various 

 Nervous centres. Suffice it to observe that the paramount importance of the 

 Cerebrum is ascertained by a common experience. Severe injuries to the 

 Human brain which involve the Cerebral hemispheres, whether through 

 external violence, or through disease, are instantly attended by deprivation of 

 all power of manifesting any Mental Faculty. In such cases, when persons 

 recover, it is commonly found that they have remained totally unconscious 

 from the time when they received the injury until their recovery ; the inter- 

 vening period having been a blank in their Mental Life. 



Nor can I do more than glance at the Darwinian theoiy. All existing 

 forms of life, it teaches, may gradually have been evolved in the course of ages, 

 from a very few primal types ; perhaps from one only. Mr. Darwin's reasoning 

 has, of course, a bearing on the qiiestion of our affinity to the Brute Creation. 

 It goes to show — not indeed that we are descended from Gorillas, but — that 

 Man and the existing Apes may have been slowly developed by change after 

 change from some common form now extinct. Thus, though it is not asserted 

 that our progenitors were Apes, yet it is plain on Mr. Darwin's theory, that 

 these beasts are entitled to put in a detestable claim of cousin-ship to Man. 



I do not see, however, that the question of our affinity to the Brute 

 Creation is, in reality, affected by the theoiy of development. That affinity 

 in truth depends upon the identity of our physical constitution with that of 

 the lower Animals ; and this can be established, and is, I think, established, 

 independently of a genetic relation. 



On the whole, the general conclusions of Physiological Science, upon 

 evidence of which I have here summarised some portions only, are -.—First, 

 that the Cerebrum is the Organ, or Physical seat of Man's mental faculties ; 

 Secondly, that this structure is not peculiar to Man, but is possessed by many 

 of the higher Animals ; Lastly, that the most highly organised Brutes, the 

 Anthropoid Apes, approach so closely to Man in cerebral structure that it is 

 not possible, in the present state of Science, to establish any anatomical or 

 physiological distinction between them. 



I have been able to take no notice of the confirmation added by Geology, or 

 rather by Palaeontology, to these conclusions. No scientific man, I had almost 

 said no rational being, now disputes the fact that life existed on this 

 planet of ours for immeasurable ages before the appearance of Mankind \ipon 

 the scene. Now the operations of Organic Nature through these immeasurable 

 tracts of time, " imperfectly interpreted as they yet undoubtedly are, present," 

 writes Mr. Page, " a series of vital gradation and progress, * * * 

 from humbler to more highly organised orders ; as if the great design of Nature 

 had been to ascend from the simpler conception of Materialism to the higher 

 aims of mechanical construction ; from Mechanism to the subtler elimination 

 of mind ; and from Mentalism to the " still higher attribute of Moralism, as 

 developed alone in the heart and soiil of Man." Thus ; while Physiology 

 shows us this stage of being as now occupied by a hierarchy of creatures ; 



