32 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XI. No. 259 



broken, with some of the dormers and gables still standing in a 

 damaged condition. Upon inspection it was found necessary to 

 take down all above the main cornice, and about half of the walls. 

 The material of the walls below the cornice was found to be in 

 such good condition that all of this work was replaced according 

 to the original design, except the tower. The entrance to the tower, 

 not being badly damaged, was taken down, and replaced with only 

 a slight alteration in the roof. The tower and every thing above 

 the plancier of the main cornice are of different design from the 

 corresponding parts of the original building. Before any new work 

 proceeded, the board of trustees, in connection with their architect, 

 Clarence O. Arey, discussed each point, so as to obviate as far as 

 possible the defects that had been found in the former building. 



The outside walls of the building are a combination of rock-faced 

 ashlar and brick backing, except in the dormers, which are of solid 

 stone. The stone used is Amherst, O., sandstone. All of the par- 

 tition walls are of brick. The floors were formerly of wood, but 

 are now to be thoroughly fire-proof, — of iron girders and tile 

 arches. The roof was formerly of light timbers close together. 

 Now it is built of heavy timber, according to the ' slow-burning ' 

 method of construction, and is slated with Maine slate. The flash- 

 ings and gutters are all of copper. The ridge-rolls, and front and 

 under faces of the upper mouldings of the cornice, are of galvanized 

 iron. This is used only where it is easily replaced or very little 

 exposed. The tower is now temporarily roofed with a flat, pitched 

 roof at the top of the stone-work, and only part of the carving shown 

 in the drawing is completed. 



A general view of the reconstructed building is shown in the ac- 

 companying illustration. It has a ground plan i6i by 92 feet, and 



THE CP^JC: S<;H*L°r/\PPUEp $<if!\<&- 



Stfl^ti t- — - 7 'V V T^xT 



consists of three stories besides the basement and attic. The base- 

 ment is arranged for heavy machinery, laboratories, and workshops. 

 The remainder of the building is designed for class-rooms, draw- 

 ing-rooms, and cabinets for collections, etc. The boiler-room is 

 outside of the walls of the building, to avoid danger from fire or 

 explosion. The chemical laboratory, which also contains the fur- 

 naces for assaying, is in a separate building. Every precaution has 



been taken not only to render the building fire-proof, but to keep 

 fire entirely out of it. 



The educational interests of the school have been carefully at- 

 tended to. The school is well organized, and is supplied with a 

 strong corps of professors. 



The preparation required for admission is such as is given by the 

 best high schools and academies. The studies pursued in the 

 school consist principally of modern languages, mathematics, nat- 

 ural history, natural science, and engineering. The school provides 

 courses leading to the degree of bachelor of science (B.S.) in civil 

 engineering, mechanical engineering, mining engineering, electrical 

 engineering, physics, and chemistry. While advanced theor>' oc- 

 cupies an important place in all of the courses, the methods of in- 

 struction incline decidedly towards the practical. Laboratory, 

 shop, and field work are prominent features of the various courses. 



Original investigations both by professors and students are con- 

 stantly in progress in the various departments, and some of the 

 published results are valuable contributions to the advancement of 

 science. Just at the present time scientific men are deeply inter- 

 ested in some investigations now in progress in the school, prelim- 

 inary statements in regard to which have already been published. 



The city of Cleveland affords unusual advantages for a scientific 

 school. It is an important railroad centre and lake port, and offers 

 excellent opportunities for studying the various engineering prob- 

 lems connected with transportation. It is the centre of extensive 

 mining and manufacturing interests. It has chemical works, steel- 

 works, rolling-mills, furnaces, forges, machine-shops, and manufac- 

 tories of electric machines and appliances, and of various other 

 sorts. These, m many cases, are the most extensive of their kind 

 in this country, and their variety is noteworthy. Almost all varie- 

 ties of engineering structures and of manufacturing processes can be 

 seen in the city, and are available for examination and study by the 

 students. These advantages, and their influence in insuring the 

 prosperity and usefulness of the school, were fully appreciated by 

 Mr. Case, and had no slight weight in influencing him to found the 

 school. 



ETHNOLOGY. 

 Prehistoric Researches in South-eastern Spain. 



Two Belgian engineers, Messrs. Siret, are about to publish the im- 

 portant results of their extensive archaeological researches in Spain, 

 which extend over the coast from Carthagena to Almeria. The oldest 

 remains belong to the neoUthic period. There is not a trace of 

 metal to be found in these ancient habitations. The implements 

 consist of polished axes, perforated shells, potter)', grinding-stones, 

 chipped flints, and primitive walls of stone. In another class of 

 sites which belong to a more recent period, remains of copper and 

 a few bronze implements were found. The inhabitants lived in 

 stone houses, the stones being cemented by earth. Flint implements, 

 particularly arrow-heads and knives, ornamented pots, bone points, 

 and numerous copper celts, were found in the houses. Cremation 

 was practised to a considerable extent by the people of that period. 

 Copper ores and scoriae proved that they practised the art of smelt- 

 ing. 



In a later period fortified villages, with walls made of stone and 

 mud, were built on the tops of the hills. In the space surrounded 

 by the walls, the ruins of burnt houses, implements, remains of 

 grain which was kept in clay pots, cloth made of broom, and hand- 

 mills, were found. Flint was used only for making saws. The 

 dead were buried in natural caves, or in stone boxes under the 

 houses or near them. 



At the end of the copper period the inhabitants still lived on the 

 tops of steep hills, in fortresses. The implements consisted of the 

 same material, but, besides, moulds for casting copper, ivory, gold, 

 and silver were found. Over twelve hundred graves belonging to 

 this period were opened. All of them were situated in the houses, 

 and consisted either of small chambers of stone, of stone boxes, or 

 of huge clay pots with rounded bottom and wide mouth. The largest 

 of these are over three feet long and two feet wide. The skeletons 

 are doubled up, hands and knees being pressed against the chin. 

 Sometimes husband and wife are found in the same urn. The 

 study of this vast amount of material will be highly interesting. 



