SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XI. No. 257 



sylvania, — a position he held until 1872, when the increased exec- 

 utive duties in connection with the Geological Survey of the Terri- 

 tories induced him to resign. 



In the summer of 1866 he undertook another expedition to the 

 Bad Lands of Dakota, under the auspices of the Academy of Nat- 

 ural Sciences of Philadelphia, for the purpose of clearing up some 

 doubtful points in the geology of that region, and returned with 

 large and valuable collections of vertebrate fossils, which were de- 

 scribed in a memoir published by the Academy of Natural Sciences 

 of Philadelphia in 1S69. From 1S67 to 1879 the history of Dr. 

 Hayden is the history of the United States Geological Survey of 

 the Territories, of which he was geologist-in-charge, and to the 

 success of which he devoted all his energies during the twelve 

 years of its existence. In this time more than fifty volumes, to- 

 gether with numerous maps, were issued under his supervision. 

 One of the results of his surveys, and the one in which he probably 

 took the greatest interest, was the setting-aside by Congress of the 

 Yellowstone National Park. The idea of reserving this region as 

 a park or pleasure-ground for the people originated with Dr. Hay- 

 den, and the law setting it apart was prepared under his direction. 

 The work of the Geological Survey of the Territories had its con- 

 summation in the Atlas of Colorado, which increased greatly our 

 knowledge of one of the most interesting portions of the Great 

 West. In 1879, after the disbanding of the Survey of the Terri- 

 tories, Dr. Hayden received an appointment as geologist on the 

 newly organized United States Geological Survey. For about three 

 years he was occupied in the completing of the business of the 

 Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, and the 

 preparation of the final results of that survey. His health had al- 

 ready begun to fail, but early in 1883 he asked to be relieved from 

 the supervision of the printing of the reports, and during the three 

 following seasons he undertook field-work in Montana. By the 

 latter part of the year 1886 his health had become so poor that he 

 was confined most of the time to his bed. He then resigned his 

 position as geologist, closing an honorable connection with the 

 government that included twenty-eight years of actual service as 

 naturalist, surgeon, and geologist. To the general interest in sci- 

 ence excited by the enthusiastic labors of Dr. Hayden, in his geo- 

 logic explorations, is due in a great degree the existence and con- 

 tinuance of the present United States Geological Survey. 



In 1876 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the 

 University of Rochester, and in June, 1886, the same degree was 

 conferred upon him by the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Hayden 

 was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and of many 

 other societies scattered throughout the country. He was also 

 honorary and corresponding member of a large number of foreign 

 societies. 



As to Dr. Hayden's personal character, those who were person- 

 ally associated with him know best how genial he was, and how 

 sincere and enthusiastic his desire to forward the cause of science. 

 Although impulsive at times, he was generous to a fault. His 

 subordinates all knew that each one stood upon his own merits, 

 and that due credit would be awarded his successful efforts. The 

 same spirit actuated him in respect to those not immediately con- 

 nected with him. His views are expressed as follows in one of his 

 earliest reports, when speaking of those who had preceded him ; 

 "Any man who regards the permanency or endurance of his own 

 reputation will not ignore any of these frontier men who made their 

 early explorations under circumstances of great danger and hard- 

 ship." 



His ideas were broad and liberal. He aimed to make a thorough 

 astronomical, topographical, geological, and botanical survey of the 

 Great West, with a view to the development of its mining and agri- 

 cultural resources. The greater part of his work for the govern- 

 ment and for science was a labor of love. 



SCARLET-FEVER REPORT.'— II. 



Dr. R. G. Eccles of Brooklyn, N.Y., does not believe that 



scarlet-fever ever arises except from a pre-existent case, and says, 



"The following from Dr. H. B. Baker of Lansing, Mich., will 



help to explain some possible cases of so-called de novo origin : 



1 Continued from Science of Dec. i6, 1887. 



' The Michigan State Board of Health has received information 

 from Dr. Sifton, health-officer of Sutton's Bay Township, which 

 illustrates in a striking way how this country gets contagious diseases 

 from the old countries. Oct. 2, 1887, a family arrived in Sutton's 

 Bay, Leelanaw County, direct from Norway. The family came over 

 in the steamship " Ohio," of the Inman line, reaching New York, 

 Sept. 30. Scarlet-fever was on board the steamer during the pas- 

 sage, one child dying before the landing, and " several more were 

 sick in the same way." One child of this family was taken sick with 

 scarlet-fever the day after reaching New York. The family, how- 

 ever, proceeded over the New York Central and the Lake Shore 

 and Michigan Southern, to Michigan ; then over the Detroit, Grand 

 Haven, and Milwaukee, and the Grand Rapids and Indiana, to 

 Traverse City ; then to Sutton's Bay. Another child of the family 

 has since come down with the disease. The family had a certifi- 

 cate, signed by the surgeon of the steamer, that they had been pro- 

 tected by vaccination against small-pox : so they passed without 

 detention the quarantine authorities at the port of New York, after 

 they had been exposed to a contagious disease which causes more 

 deaths by far in this country than small-pox causes.' " He gives 

 the following as an instance of the communicability of scarlet- fever 

 which came under his own observation : " Arthur G., aged eight, 

 came from the country to his Brooklyn home in sound health. A 

 case of scarlet-fever (convalescent) being in the house upon his 

 arrival, he was within twenty-four hours removed to other quarters, 

 where there were no children and no disease. In a few days he 

 had a severe attack. By perfect isolation no new cases occurred. 

 Many such instances of short contact giving the disease have come 

 under my observation. The best illustration my experience affords 

 occurred during a visit I made to Wyandotte, Kan., in the winter 

 of 1883. Mrs. S. had been visiting relatives in a distant State. In 

 one family she called upon, they had scarlet-fever. The children 

 were not with her. On her return home Si a few days, a daughter, 

 aged seven, was taken sick with what proved to be scarlet-fever. 

 At this time there was not a case but itself in the iown, nor had 

 there been for many months. In their trouble, neighbors called, 

 and within two weeks there were ten or more cases. A relative 

 who helped them in the care of the child had three cases in his own 

 family, he proving to be one of the victims. Two customers of 

 his who were waited upon by him while indisposed, but not con- 

 fined to bed, had each cases among their children after the exposure. 

 No other source of contagion was possible. It must here have been 

 carried in the clothing. Mrs. H. (my wife's mother), living in the 

 country, visited a neighbor some miles distant, where a child was sick 

 with scarlet-fever. A few days after the visit, her own son, aged four, 

 who had not been exposed, was taken sick of this disease and died. 

 There was no possible way of carrying the contagion other than 

 upon the mother's clothes. Boards of health should require all 

 cases to be reported to them by district sanitar)' inspectors, aided by 

 physicians, the police, and the public. Their duties should be the fer- 

 reting-out of every case of contagious disease. To-day the position 

 of inspector is a sinecure. Those holding such positions are well 

 paid for doing almost nothing. Nearly half the cases of contagious 

 diseases that occur, physicians do not see, nor even hear of, until 

 some dangerous complication arises to give alarm. If they pursue 

 a mild course, they are not heard of by the board of health, and the 

 public schools and pubhc conveyances scatter their virus broadcast. 

 Conscientious physicians, too, are put at a disadvantage by their un- 

 scrupulous competitors for public favor. The doctor who is known 

 to faithfully report even,' case loses his practice. People are afraid 

 to call him, because he interferes with the progress of the children 

 at school, and often cuts off their source of livelihood, where they 

 carry on some industry at home. Very many physicians have boasted 

 to me that they never report such cases unless they become so 

 serious that they are likely to lose them. Nor can any law compel 

 them to do so, as it is easy to introduce the claim that they had 

 not made out a positive diagnosis. Let the inspectors, who are in- 

 dependent of the patients' friends, discover and report them, using 

 all possible means as assistance." 



In reference to a plan for preventing the spread of the fever. Dr. 

 Eccles says, " The evidence we have, indicates that the germs or 

 spores float as impalpable dust in the air. It is found by experi- 

 ment that wet gauze, by evaporation, is colder than surrounding 



