March 9, 1888.] 



SCIENCE 



I !■ 



wonderful nature. The marvellous powers of reproduction are 

 transferred from the body of man to the soul of man, and he multi- 

 plies his intellectual creations at an amazing rate. Arts are multi- 

 plied to secure the joys of life, institutions are multiplied to secure 

 justice, linguistics are multiplied to secure mental communication, 

 and multiplied truths are discovered, so that the body of science is 

 expanding towards the infinite and towards the infinitesimal. 



" Among the lower animals the law of exercise is potent: the 

 organ which is used is developed ; disuse leads to weakness, decay, 

 and ultimate loss. In human evolution the same method of prog- 

 ress by exercise is discovered to be one of the important factors. 



" Through the inventions of mankind his mind has been devel- 

 oped. If we review the history of the human race, and fully compre- 

 hend what mental effort has been put forth to invent the arts of 

 civilization and all the arts that have passed away by being super- 

 seded from age to age by better inventions, and fully grasp the 

 mental efforts involved therein, we may comprehend that there is 

 some good reason why the inventor of the electric light is superior 

 to the inventor of the torch, why the inventor of the telegraph is 

 superior to the inventor of the smoke-signal, why the inventor of 

 the machine-shop is superior to the inventor of the flint-factory, 

 why the inventor of the railroad is superior to the inventor of the 

 dog-sled, why the inventor of the newspaper is superior to the in- 

 ventor of a picture-writing on a bone. It has caused some exercise 

 to bring about all the mental evolution which these differences im- 

 pUed." 



This exercise of the human mind was further illustrated in the 

 organization, and re-organization of States, the enactment of laws to 

 take the places of those that have been repealed, and in the estab- 

 lishment of courts. " To invent and apply human institutions, the 

 mind of man has been forever at work, and out of this exercise has 

 come a share of the evolution of the human intellect. 



" Modern industries have been highly differentiated, or, the polit- 

 ical economists would say, in modern industry there is great divis- 

 ion of labor. By this division of labor men are made interdepend- 

 ent. No man lives for himself, but every man lives for others. 



" When a man invents a new thresher, it is not that he may 

 thresh his own grain, but that his neighbors may use it, that all the 

 world may have it, and they, in return, may contribute to his hap- 

 piness. If a man invents a new regulation or law, it is not that his 

 own conduct may be regulated thereby, but that some injustice 

 may be removed, or some justice be established, in the relations of 

 the people of the State one to another. The farmer plants a field 

 to raise wheat for his neighbors' bread, the gardener plants the vine- 

 yard to raise grapes for his neighbors' wine, the lawyer pleads his 

 neighbors' cause, the physician gives nepenthe to his neighbors' 

 pain, the poet writes for his neighbors' delight, the artist paints for 

 his neighbors' gallery, and the philosopher expounds for his neigh- 

 bors' instruction. 



" All honest men are working for other men. If a man works 

 exclusively for himself, he is a counterfeiter, or a forger, or a sneak- 

 thief, or perchance a highwayman. All love of industry, all love of 

 integrity, all love of kindred, all love of neighbor, all love of coun- 

 try, and all love of humanity, is expressed in labor for others. For 

 this service thus performed a right to a reward is required, and he 

 for whom the service is performed has imposed upon him the duty 

 to render the reward, and the service is rendered in the hope of the 

 reward. Everywhere in civilized society men are thus working for 

 others. Every man, in all the years of his labor, toils for his fel- 

 low-man, and the practice is universal among all honest civilized 

 men, and lasts from generation to generation ; and universal prac- 

 tice is gradually becoming crystallized into universal habit. One 

 man is trying to make better houses for his neighbors, another man 

 is trying to make better shoes for his neighbors, another man is 

 trying to make better laws for his neighbors, and another man is 

 trying to make better books for his neighbors. Every man is thus 

 forever dwelling upon the welfare of his neighbors, and making his 

 best endeavor for their good ; and thus the habit grows from 

 generation to generation, until at last some men forget that there 

 is reward for service, and labor for their fellow-men because they 

 love their fellow-men. 



" It has been seen that no man works for himself. The counter- 

 part of this is that every man is dependent upon his fellow-man. 



That he may have good and abundant food, he desires the welfare 

 of the farmer ; that he may have good clothing, he desires the wel- 

 fare of the manufacturer; that his rights may be maintained, he 

 desires the welfare of the statesman, the jurist, and the administra- 

 tor ; that he may have the truth, he desires the welfare of the 

 author ; that he may enjoy poetry, he desires the welfare of the 

 poet ; and that he may enjoy art, he desires the welfare of the ar- 

 tist. It is thus that man is taught that he who loves the world loves 

 himself, and he who hates the world hates himself. So it is that 

 man toils for others and plans for their welfare, and others toil for 

 him and plan for his welfare ; so that every man's good is bound 

 up with every other man's good, and every man's evil is an evil to 

 every other man. And as man forever desires the good of his 

 neighbor for his own sake, from generation to generation the desire 

 for his neighbor's welfare for his own sake gradually becomes the 

 desire for his neighbor's welfare for his neighbor's sake. Thus it 

 is that selfishness is transformed into love, and justice and love are 

 developed into the ethics of mankind. A part of the endeavor of 

 mankind is governed by the principles of political economy, but the 

 greater part is governed by the principles of philanthropy." 



Major Powell then discussed competition among civihzed men, 

 which differs altogether from that competition which obtains among 

 plants and animals. " It is a rivalry among men engaged in the 

 same vocation to render a service to others that the reward may be 

 received. Economic competition has or may have two factors, — 

 emulation and antagonism. By emulation is meant the strife be- 

 tween men for greater excellence, — to perform better service for 

 their fellow-men. By antagonism is meant strife in which man en- 

 deavors to injure his rival that he may himself succeed. Emulative 

 competition results in human progress : antagonistic competition 

 results in human retrogression." 



The difference between these two kinds of competition was illus- 

 trated by the strife of artists to make the best pictures, by the or- 

 ganization of leagues or schools to instruct one another, and by 

 such an appreciation of common interest in art as leads to great 

 mutual help, and a comradeship that inspires to best endeavors. 

 " Such generous emulation and all its products are in the line of 

 human progress. But jealousies, unjust criticism, carping detrac- 

 tion, and vile slander lead to no progress among mankind. Every 

 success in art creates among laymen an appreciation and love of 

 art in every way beneficial to the artist himself. The natural man, 

 in his ignorance, spurns all works of art. It is the cultured man 

 that loves art ; and the culture which brings appreciation and love 

 of art arises from the ethical training which works of art give. In 

 art, demand does not create supply, but supplycreates demand. It 

 is thus that the broad-minded artist rejoices in the success of his 

 brother.*' 



Further illustrations of emulative and antagonistic competition 

 were drawn from the professional classes and from those engaged 

 in agriculture. " The clientage of the latter is large and indefinite. 

 The farmer is not striving to serve his neighbor Jones, but to serve 

 the world. The farmers, too, are of great number ; that is, there 

 are many servants. For these reasons a farmer does not compete 

 with his neighbor or with a number of specified or known persons, 

 but his competition is with the whole body of farmers. For this 

 reason, too, the spirit of antagonistic competition is never born : the 

 competition of farmer with farmer is purely emulative." 



These two kinds of competition were still further illustrated by 

 the experience of the large body of people engaged in mining, man- 

 ufacturing, and transporting industries. " Among them is both 

 emulative and antagonistic. To avoid the evils of the latter, each 

 class of employers is gradually organizing corporations or trusts ; 

 but by these, emulative competition is also avoided, for the man- 

 agers of business enterprises no longer compete for business, but 

 distribute business by convention. And in the same manner they 

 repeal the law of competition in the labor market ; they seek by 

 convention to establish rates of wages. The employees in these 

 same industries also compete with one another in two ways, — by 

 striving to render their labor more efficient by skilled industry, 

 and by offering to labor for smaller wages. The first method 

 of competition is emulative, the second antagonistic. In all 

 civilized society there is no competition so direful in its results, 

 so degrading to mankind, as that which is produced among the 



