170 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XI. No. 270 



phrases which we have come to associate with that period alone. 

 Thus he declares " that in this Chain of the Creation, as an inter- 

 mediate Link between an Ape and a Man," he would place his 

 pygmy. Elsewhere, however, he cautiously e.\plains that his pygmy 

 " is no Man, nor yet the Common Ape ; but a sort of Animal be- 

 tween both ; and tho' a Biped, yet of the Quadnimanus-kind ; tho' 

 some Men too, have been observed to use their Feet like Hands, as 

 I have seen several." In another place he gives it as his opinion 

 that '• we may safely conclude, that Nature intended it a Biped," 

 though he apparently feels bound to add the qualification, " yet I 

 still think it but a sort of Ape and a meer Brute." In fact, all 

 through his comparison he is careful to aver, that, while " our 

 Pygmie more resembles a Man than Apes and Monkeys do . . . 

 where it differs, there 'tis like the Ape-kind." 



In the summary of the results of his dissections and comparisons, 

 tie gives tables of the particulars in which " the Orang-Outang, or 

 Pygmie, more resembled a Man, than Apes and Monkeys do," and 

 of those in which " the Orang-Outang, or Pygmie, differ'd from a 

 Man, and resembled more the Ape and Monkey-kind." The points 

 of resemblance to man he enumerates as forty-eight, and the points 

 of difference as thirty-four. It is a curious fact that some of his 

 points of similarity are the very ones that Darwin has made prom- 

 inent by the attention which he has given to them. For example : 

 Dr. Tyson refers to the form of the ears, in regard to which he says, 

 " None could more resemble those of a Man than our Pygmie's ; 

 both as to the largeness, colour, shape, and structure. Here I ob- 

 served the Helix, Ant-Helix, Concha, Alvearium, Tragus, Anti- 

 Tragus, and Lobus." Like Darwin, too, he traces the rudimentary 

 tail, of which he remarks, " The Os Coccygis had but four Bones, 

 and these not perforated, as tis in Man ; In Monkeys there are 

 more Bones, and they are perforated." Darwin attaches impor- 

 tance to the fact "that the hair on our arms tends to converge from 

 above and below to a point at the elbow." Dr. Tyson notices the 

 same peculiarity, of which he remarks, " The tendency of the Hair 

 of all the Body was downwards ; but only from the Wrists to the 

 Elbow 'twas upwards ; so that at the Elbow the Hair of the Shoul- 

 der and the Arm ran contrary to oneanother." 



In his work on the descent of man, Mr. Darwin makes the fol- 

 lowing statement : " It is notorious that man is constructed on the 

 same general type or model with other mammals. All the bones 

 in his skeleton can be compared with corresponding bones in a 

 monkey, bat, or seal. So it is with his muscles, nerves, blood-ves- 

 sels, and internal viscera. The brain, the most important of all the 

 organs, follows the same law, as shown by Huxley and other anat- 

 omists. Bischoff, who is a hostile witness, admits that every chief 

 fissure and fold in the brain of man has its analogy in that of the 

 Orang; but he adds that at no period of development do their 

 brains perfectly agree ; nor could this be expected, for otherwise 

 their mental powers would have been the same." And now Dr. 

 Tyson, after comparing all the bones in man's skeleton with the 

 corresponding bones in his monkey, and following the same process 

 with the muscles, nerves, blood-vessels, and internal viscera, comes 

 also to the organ of intelligence, regarding which he observes, 

 " From what is generally received, viz. That the Brain is reputed 

 the more immediate Seat of the Soul itself; one would be apt 

 to think that since there is so great a disparity between the Soul of 

 a Man and a. Brute, the Organ likewise in which 'tis placed should 

 be very different, too. Yet by comparing the Brain of our Pygmie 

 with that of a Ma7i ; and, with the greatest exactness, observing 

 each Part in both ; it was very surprising to me to find so great a 

 resemblance of the one to the other, that nothing could be more. 

 So that when I am describing the Brain of our Pygmie, you may 

 justly suspect I am describing that of a Man, or may think that 

 I might very well omit it wholly, by referring you to the accounts 

 already given of the Anatomy of an Humane Brain, for that will 

 indifferently serve for our Pygmie, by allowing only for the magni- 

 tude of the Parts in Ma}i. . . . Since therefore in all respects the 

 Brain of our Pygmie does so exactly resemble a Man's, I might 

 here make the same Reflection the Parisians did upon the Or- 

 gans of Speech, That there is no reason to think, that Agents do 

 perform such and such Actions, because they are found -with Or- 

 gans proper thereunto ; for then our Pygmie might be really a 

 Man. . . . But those Nobler Faculties in the Mind of Man 



must certainly have a higher Principle ; and Matter organized 

 could never produce them ; for why else, where the Organ is the 

 same, should not the Actions be the same too ; and if all de'pended 

 on the Organ, not only our Pygmie, but other Brutes likewise, would 

 be too near akin to us." CHARLES F. Cox. 



New York, April 2. 



Temperature of the Saco River. 



The monthly mean in the table is based on daily observations of 

 the temperature of the running water at Saco, Me., at the head of the 

 lower falls, about four miles from the mouth of the river. This 

 river is about one hundred miles in length, and has its source in the 

 Notch of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Flowing 

 nearly in a south-easterly direction, it reaches the sea in latitude 

 43° 27', the total fall being about 1,900 feet. 



On the 9th of December, 1837, nearly the whole of the water was 

 stopped during the night by anchor-ice, which gradually disappeared, 

 and the full flow of the river was restored at about eleven o'clock A.M. 



Mean Monthly. Temperature. 



> 



c 



b 



1 



< 



1 



3 



1 



3 



i 



z 



i 



1837 



32.00° 



32.00° 



32.00° 



36.63° 



50.19° 



63.77° 



71.39° 



68.97° 



63-53° 



49.87°|36.S7° 



3»-39° 



1838 



32.00 



32.00 



32.00 



43 07 



53.26 



67.60 



73-45 



72.71 



63.20 



49.81 36.87 



32.00 



1839 



32.00 



32.00 



33.5. 



46.23 



56.78 



62.53 



71.40 



67.42 



64.80 



54-32 





(No observations were made in November and December, 1839). 



Year. 



Maxitnu 



m. 



Minimui 



32° 



Range. 



1837 



July 19 



73° 



Dec. 9 



4'° 



1838 



" 31 



76 



Nov. 25 



32 



44 



JS39 



" =9 



76 



Dec. 18 



32 



44 



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BROKEN LINE 



At a recent meeting of the British Association it was decided 

 that observations be made on the temperature of the rivers and 

 lakes of Great Britain. The results thus obtained will be of great 

 value, and will depend on a great variety of causes, among which 

 are the time of exposure to sunlight, the temperature of the earth 

 and the air, the cooling effect of evaporation, the barometric press- 

 ure with reference to evaporation, also the effect of the wind in its 

 direction and force, the rapid or gradual melting of snow in the 

 valleys, the turbid or clear condition of the water as to its effect on 

 surface radiation, the exposure of the water to the air at falls and 

 rapids, and the length of time that the surface is covered with ice. 



John M. Batchelder. 



Cambridge, Mass., March 9. 



