86 Transactions. — Miscellaneous. 



If the system is one of intermittent supply and cisterns are used, there 

 should be separate cisterns for domestic use and for flushing the closets, and 

 there should be no communication between them. 



If there is a constant supply delivered at stand-XDipes, there should be 

 paved channels to take the overflow to the house-drains, and care should be 

 taken to prevent the saturation of the ground by the waste water. 



Dnst-bins. — Every dwelling should have a properly constructed receptacle 

 for ashes and kitchen refuse, the periodical removal of which at short inter- 

 vals should be compulsory under municipal regulations. 



The gratings to the house-drains should be provided with moveable 

 strainers to collect the solid refuse, for which the dust-bin is the proper 

 receptacle, and which would otherwise be carried into the house-drains. 



Closets. — The closets should if possible be isolated from the dwellings, 

 but, where they are unavoidably connected with them, the communication 

 should be through a lobby freely open to the external air. 



The mtroduction of sunk cesspools for the storage of excreta should be 

 strictly prohibited within the boundaries of every township, no matter what 

 the nature of their construction. 



Closets may be of three kinds, namely : — 



1st. The ash-midden, in common use throughout the Midland Coun- 

 ties of England. 

 2nd. The pan-closet, which, in many English towns, is superseding 



both the cesspool and the ash-midden. 

 3rd. The water-closet. 



The ash-midden is a combination of the dust-bin and privy, and may be 

 considered as a form of earth-closet. When this form of closet is adopted, 

 the floor should be paved and slightly raised above the general surface of 

 the ground, and provided with a drain to carry off any liquid not absorbed 

 by the ashes. 



If the pan-closet is used, the floor should be paved so that any droppings 

 can be readily removed, and there should be a free circulation of air under 

 the seat, and a ventilating shaft carried up into the open air. 



The pans should be of ample size, and should be fitted with stout 

 handles and with air-tight lids for use during removal, and they should be 

 thoroughly cleansed and disinfected after emptying, before they are replaced. 



Both ash-middens and closet-pans should be compulsorily emptied at 

 short intervals, under municipal regulations. 



The introduction of water-closets involves a considerable amount of 

 mmiicipal organization for the double purpose of providing a water-supply 

 for flushing them, and a system of underground drains for the removal of 

 the excreta. 



