ALALYTIC STUDY OF FAUNAL CHANGES. 153 
to disappear. Data concerning its occurrence in this State 
are very meager. Wied mentions all of the other woodpeck- 
ers of this region in his New Harmony list of 1832- 33, but 
omits the ivory-billed. It was probably about extinct at that 
time. It was the largest of all our woodpeckers as well as 
the most handsome and was no doubt wantonly killed inca 
it afforded a conspicuous target for the pioneer riflemen. Like 
the bison, it was doubtless without formidable enemies and 
highly specialized for a particular environment, hence when 
this environment, the vast uninhabited forest, began to dis- 
appear the species was unable to stand the stress of condi- 
tions. The pileated. woodpecker nearly equalled the ivory- 
billed in size and, like it has almost disappeared. 
e two woodpeckers were never very numerous, but 
the Carolina ever and the passenger pigeon were once ex- 
tremely abundant. The last record of the paroquet in Indi- 
ana is in Loved County, in 1859 (Butler 97), although it 
became rare in most parts of the State twenty years earlier. 
The extermination of these birds was due largely to their 
destructive habits. Both orchards and grain fields suffered 
from their depredations and they destroyed quantities of fruit 
and grain in addition to what they ate. They had the habit of 
Other large flocks, roosts and ol BEA grounds were common. 
While the birds probably ate some grain, I know of no evi- 
dence that they were especially destructive. But sited made 
good food and had a ready sale and consequently were much 
hunted. It is estimated that 3,000,000 birds went ^n qoem 
in the Petoskey nesting grounds in 1878, and twice tha 
umber perished as the result of wounds and the starvation of 
necting It is easy to see why the extermination was so 
rapid under such a system as this, but from the standpoint of 
the species, the gregarious habit was the fatal adaptation. 
The gallinaceous birds were formely represented in this 
State by four species, the wild turkey, bob-white, ruffed grouse 
and prairie hen. The first is the largest and is wholly or near- 
ly extinct within our bardas; the domestic turkey being de- 
scended from another The second is the smallest, and, 
being very prolific, is still found in all parts of the WAR al- 
