2 00 ROMAN BROUGH : = ANAVIO. 



era. We now have evidence that under Julius Verus there 

 was activity, about A.D. 158, at Brough and at Newcastle-on- 

 Tyne and Birrens, and very probably also at Netherby. Further, 

 we know from Pausanies (viii., 43) that at some time in the 

 reign of Pius the Roman troops had to deal with unquiet 

 Brigantes, part of whose territory was annexed, and we also 

 know that the territory of the Brigantes covered the north of 

 England from Derbyshire to the vicinity of the Tyne and 

 Solway. Lastly, we read that when Pius died and Marcus 

 succeeded there was serious trouble in Britain. It may well be 

 that the difficulties with the Brigantes began late in the reign 

 of Pius, that forts were built, or repaired, to aid their conquest 

 or coercion, and that the struggle continued on into the reign 

 of Marcus. 



It is unfortunate that in the present state of our knowledge 

 we cannot tell how far the other Roman forts in the same hill- 

 country may have played a similar part to that assigned to 

 Brough. These other forts have yielded no datable evidence 

 save coins, and not even coins in sufficient abundance to justify 

 confident conclusions. So far as they go the coins indicate 

 that different forts may have had different histories. Melandra 

 Castle, near Glossop, with coins of Domitian, Marcus, Julia 

 Maesa, and Severus, may have been occupied during the same 

 period as Brough. Slack, near Huddersfield, with coins of 

 Nero to Hadrian, may have been both occupied and abandoned 

 sooner. Templeborough, near Rotherham (Titus to Pius, and 

 a few after a.d. 260) may have also dropped out of military use 

 before the end of the second century. But at present it is 

 impossible to say more than that these things may have been, 

 and perhaps the chief use of saying it is to direct the reader's 

 attention to the great value of such evidence as coins. 



P.S. — Since the above was sent to the printer, Dr. Ritterling 

 has discussed the Newcastle slab and the activity of Verus. 

 He inclines to connect Verus with some (supposed) work on 

 the Wall of Hadrian, while he puts the Brigantian troubles 

 down to the time of Lollius Urbicus, fifteen years earlier. 



