THE SHALL-CROSS. 213 



reasons why I have not hesitated to place even this probably 

 late example of the pillar crosses I am treating, as early as the 

 ninth century. Having now established some probability that 

 the Wilne cross originally stood at Shacklecross, I will return 

 to my subject. 



The ancient name of Shallcross was also Shacklecross. For 

 instance, in the Receipt Roll of the Peak Jurisdiction of the 

 Dean and Chapter of Lichfield* for the year 1339 John of the 

 Hall and Benedict de Shakelcros return the tithes for Fernilee, 

 and many other documents of the thirteenth and fourteenth 

 centuries similarly record the name. Hence we have now two 

 instances of this particular type of cross, the origin of which I 

 have referred to Paulinus, connected with a place called Shackle- 

 cross, and yet separated by nearly the entire length of the 

 county. This could scarcely be a mere coincidence, and there- 

 fore there must be some latent reason. 



We have seen that both these crosses would be old at the 

 date of the Conquest, that at Wilne was presumably ruinous. 

 The cross heads, assuming that they ever existed, were probably 

 gone, as, indeed, nearly all are now, and the bare shaft of each 

 would remain. The traditions of their origin and the memory 

 of Paulinus would be a closed book of indifference to the 

 Norman race, and to it they would be mere standing pillars. 

 We have seen that Clulow Cross and Vale Crucis were named 

 after two of these crosses, and it is quite common for places 

 to so derive their names in the instances of other types of early 

 crosses, not included here. Hence the Normans found two 

 crosses standing, and in course of time the people named each of 

 them from its appearance the " Shackle-cross," for these pillars, 

 when bereft of their cross heads, bear a remarkable resemblance 

 to the Norman shackle. 



The shackle, or as it was sometimes called, the fetter lock, 

 was originally the bolt which locked the link or fetter, but in 

 course of time the whole came to be known, especially in 



* Communicated lo vol. xi., p. 142, of \\\\s, Journal by Dr. Cox. 



