NOTES ON SPRAYING. 1 63 



Seneca Falls, N. Y. ; The Deming Company, Salem, Ohio; W. 

 & B. Douglass, Middletown, Conn., and many other reliable 

 firms are sending out very good pumps. These firms will all 

 send catalogues free on application. 



The best nozzle that we have used is the "McGowen," made 

 by John J. McGowen, Ithaca, N. Y., and costs $1.00. 



When to spray and why: — No definite time for beginning the 

 work can be stated as this will depend on the season and on the 

 object in view. It is of course understood that the arsenites — of 

 which Paris green is preferred — are used to destroy insects 

 which eat the leaves or fruit, such as bud-moth, canker-worm, 

 codling-moth, etc. The copper salts, of which the best prepara- 

 tion is the Bordeaux mixture, are used to prevent the spread of 

 fungous diseases such as apple scab, brown rot, etc. If the two 

 classes of enemies are to be met, the remedies may be applied at 

 one operation. 



In general our recommendation for preventing apple scab 

 would be to spray with Bordeaux mixture just before the fruit 

 buds open, again with the same just as the blossoms fall, and 

 repeat the operation once or twice at intervals of two or three 

 weeks if the season is wet. In the first two lots applied, Paris 

 green should be added in the proportion of 1 lb to 150 or 200 

 gallons, thus destroying leaf-eating insects and the codling- 

 moth. 



At least three sprayings should be given as above, and many 

 would advise treatment with a solution of pure copper sulphate 

 — lib. to 15 gallons water — before the buds burst in spring. 

 There is some question about the importance of this early treat- 

 ment, but in our own experience such treatment has usually been 

 found advantageous. 



Preparation of Bordeaux mixture: — It would seem that this 

 most important of the fungicides should now be perfectly famil- 

 iar to every orchardist; but it is still a subject of frequent 

 inquiry. As usually prepared the mixture consists of 6 lbs. cop- 

 per sulphate, 4 lbs. quick lime and 50 gallons water. The cop- 

 per salt is dissolved in a wooden tub, the lime slaked in a sepa- 

 rate vessel and when ready for use the two are mixed and diluted 

 as above. 



