184 MAIJSE STATE COLLEGE 



per cent. The greatest difference in those under Professor Taft's 

 charge is 56.3 per cent, and the least 5.1 per cent., the two results 

 being essentially the same. 



Besides the tabulated results there were others which are of 

 great importance but can not be estimated in exact figures. A 

 scabby apple is much smaller than a healthy one, and in many 

 cases, while the apples could not be placed in class one, the scab 

 had so been held in check that the fruit had obtained a greater 

 size than it otherwise would. Professor Taft gives the difference 

 in weight between perfect and scabby fruits as varying from .037 

 to .002 pound for each apple, and says the scabby apples are 10 

 per cent, smaller than the perfect ones, making a difference of 

 nearly a bushel per tree in size alone, besides the fact that the 

 apples that are badly scabby are unmarketable. "From the com- 

 bined effect of the two causes," he says "we lost on some trees a 

 barrel of apples." 



'"The cost of the chemicals and labor expended varied but slightly 

 in the two cases, but both gentlemen were obliged to buy chemicals 

 in small amounts, and the cost per tree would be greatly lessened 

 by treating a large orchard and buying materials in quantity. 

 Professor Taft used large trees requiring three gallons each for 

 each application, while Professor Goff used three gallons for the 

 two trees, but Professor Goff estimates the labor higher than 

 Professor Taft, and this makes the figures nearly alike. Both 

 these estimates, however, are for seven applications. In an 

 average season, and with the copper solutions, four or at most five 

 applications will probably be sufficient. It is likely that in a large 

 orchard with average sized trees, when the chemicals were pur- 

 chased by the quantity the expense could be reduced nearly one- 

 half. The expense of the ammoniacal solution in particular would 

 be reduced by purchasing the copper carbonate instead of prepar- 

 ing it from the sulphate." 



In Mr. Goff's calculations the cost for labor in making the 

 treatments amounts to more than half the expense. 



It seems probable that it would be profitabe to make the first 

 application earlier than was done this year, and there is no reason 

 why this application, or the next should not be combined with 

 London Purple, or some other insecticide, and the tree protected 

 from insects and fungi at the same time, Mr. Hatch closes his 

 report thus : 



'^What we now need is to determine the correct amount of the 

 copper mixture to use, the times best suited to its application, and 

 what combinations to make with insecticides, and a new era ix\ 

 fruit culture will be inaugurated." 



