222 MAINE STATE COLLEGE 



In the bottom of boxes, bins and barrels where infested fruit is 

 stored, pupae may be found in abundance. 



Our observations show that if the pupa^ are kept in a warm room 

 in a box or bottle, and not covered with earth, they will not hatch. 

 In the cellar and cool store-rooms, where apples are usually kept, 

 it may be different. The pupae remain in the ground a greater 

 or less length of time, depending on when they enter the pupae 

 state, soil, location and season. They can be forced by favorable 

 or retarded by unfavorable circumstances in the laboratory, and 

 this is probably true in nature. Specimens kept by Professor 

 Comstcck in a warm room all winter, began to emerge May 28th, 

 and continued to appear until July 6th. (He does not say when 

 they entered the ground.) The specimens we transformed, 

 entered the ground in August, September and October ; and came 

 forth as flies from May 23d until July 7th, or they finished appear- 

 ing about the time the first ones appear in nature. This shows 

 forcing. Dr. Goding records the remarkable instance where late 

 larvae found in fruit in January went into the pupae state and 

 appeared by Febuary 1st. This would indicate that the later larvae 

 appear earlier, which is contrary to our experience. Possibly it 

 may be unusually rapid transformation due to forcing. The 

 appearance of tlie^ flies again the following summer completes the 

 life history. 



Remedies. 



Trypeta is an unusually hard insect to destroy. The eggs are 

 laid under the skin of the apple ; the larva spend their time in 

 the fruit and the pupae are safely concealed in the ground, within 

 the shrunken skin of the larvae, therefore, they are well protected 

 from destructive parasites and none are known to infest them. 

 The files do not seem to be enticed by sweetened poisonous sub- 

 stances and cannot to any extent be trapped. The eggs are so 

 safely lodged in the apple beyond the reach of poisons applied 

 by spraying, that there is no hope in that direction. The only 

 chances left are to destroy the larvae and pupae. The larvae are 

 found abundantly in windfalls, and the pupae in bins and barrels 

 where fruit has been stored. Destroying ivindfalls would prevent 

 the maggots going into the ground^ and burning refuse from bins 

 and barrels would dispose of those in stored fruit. These methods 

 are ptractical, easily applied and should be rigidly enforced. 



There are some hopeful and helpful features in our struggle with 



