ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS 11. 1 5 



Of the small number of fruits classed as "wormy" practi- 

 cally none from the experimental plots were affected by the 

 codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella). The fruit so recorded 

 had the appearance of having been attacked from the outside 

 by some insect, but the injury itself was not sufficiently charac- 

 teristic to enable the Station entomologists to determine the 

 cause, since no insect was caught at work. These "worm 

 holes" were in the nature of feeding punctures, — small, round 

 perforations of the skin about the size of a pin head. The in- 

 jury was little more than skin deep ; no great cavity had been 

 eaten beneath the skin. There was no trace of insect life in 

 such apples when examined, and little that is definite can be 

 stated regarding the cause of this trouble. Thus far it is, as 

 indicated in the table, of very slight importance. 



In regard to codling moth in all the orchards at Highmoor 

 it may be stated that of the large crop of 2450 barrels not 

 enough fruit attacked by this insect was found to fill 2 barrels. 



Fungiis Control. It will also be noted that apple scab was 

 found on but one of all the fruits examined. A conservative 

 estimate places the amount of scabby fruit in the Highmoor 

 crop of 1911 at less than 500 fruits out of the crop previously 

 mentioned. The chief cause for the absence of fungi will be 

 discussed later. 



Simscald.'^ An unusual factor in the growing season of 191 1 

 was the intense heat wave lasting from July 4 to 13 (see tables 

 6 and 7), coupled with clear skies and intense sunlight. As 

 a result of these almost phenomenal conditions, fruit was sun- 

 burned or scalded on the trees. The surfaces affected, in the 

 case of small green' Baldwin apples at Highmoor, turned a light 

 tan brown; the epidermis became wilted and wrinkled (Figs, i 

 and 2), and the tissues below discolored and shriveled fFig. 3). 



On Ben Davis and Greening fruit less wilting or shrinking 

 of skin and softening of tissues was observed in early stages. 

 The first indication of injury was a yellowish brown wash 

 sometimes tinged with' red, of fairly well defined area, although 

 the margin was not in every case definite (Fig. 7). Later in 

 the season the color of such areas took on a darker, blackened 

 hue with more definite outline, and as the expansion due to 



* This term is not to be confused with a winter injury of the same 

 name afifecting trunk and limbs. 



