APPLE INSECTS OF MAIXE. I37 



It is particularly bad in Maine, attacking nearly all varieties of 

 apples, both fall and winter, though most destructive to the early 

 sweet varieties. It is known as the railroad worm in Maine. 



Description. 



Eggs. — Length .032 to .036 inch ; breadth .008 to .009 inch ; light yellow 

 when taken from the fruit ; fusiform and about four times as long as 

 wide ; pedicellate at the end. The larva is placed in the egg with the 

 head away from the pedicel and the end containing the head is inserted 

 into the apple. 



Larva. — Length .28 to .^2 inch ; breadth .07 to .08 inch. When full 

 grown usually yellowish white. When younger, and sometimes when 

 full grown, tinged with greenish ; footless ; the body composed of four- 

 teen segments. Ninth, tenth and eleventh segments widest, narrowing 

 rapidly toward the head, which is small, pointed and emarginate. From 

 the broadest segment the body slopes slowly backward to the last seg- 

 ment, which maintains its size one-third of its length and then abruptly 

 slopes to one-half its thickness. The lower and posterior half is nearly 

 vertical behind, giving the larva a docked appearance. 



Ptipa. — Length .17 to .21 inch; breadth .08 to .1 inch; pale j^ellowish 

 brown. When the maggot assumes the pupa state it does not shed the 

 larval skin, but contracts, assuming an oval form. The pupa is a little 

 more than twice as long as wide, and barrel-shaped. The ends slope 

 about equally, and the head end is very pointed. Otherwise the resem- 

 blance between the pupa and larva is apparent. There is quite a varia- 

 tion in the size of pupae. Some are much longer and thicker than others 

 and may be of females, as the female flies are much larger than the 

 males. 



Perfect Insect. — A two-winged fly somewhat smaller than the house 

 fly. Readily recognized by its general black color ; yellowish head and 

 legs ; dark feet ; greenish prominent eyes ; white spot on the back and 

 upper part of the thorax; three white bands across the abdomen of the 

 male, four on the female, and four black bands across the wings, resemb- 

 ling the outlines of a turkey. 



Life History. 

 In early seasons, under favorable conditions, the flies in ]\Iaine 

 begin to emerge about July first, and earlier in the states farther 

 south. They continue to emerge all summer and are on the 

 wing in abundance until the middle or last of September, and 

 occasionally in October. Early frosts check them. The flies 

 lived three weeks in confinement and will probably live longer 

 in nature. They begin to deposit their eggs in the earlv fruit 

 by July first, or earlier, and egg laying continues while the flies 

 are on the wing. The earlier races of flies affect the earlier 

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