Pupae of Some Maink Species of Notodontoiuea 33 



Genital Openings. The sexes may be easily distinguished 

 by the position of the genital opening (Fig. 2, A, go). That of 

 the male is situated on the meson of the ninth segment. That 

 of the female is situated mostly on the eighth segment or on 

 both eighth and ninth segments. The cephalic margins of seg- 

 ments eight and nine curve strongly cephalad in the female, 

 and this alone is sufficient to indicate the sex. In generalized 

 pupae there are two unpaired genital openings in the female, a 

 condition retained by many of the specialized forms. 



Abdominal Spiracles. These (Fig. 2, B, s) are present on 

 the first eight segments but are never visible on the first seg- 

 ment, being entirely covered by the wings. The spiracle on 

 the eighth segment is never functional and shows no distinct 

 opening. 



Spiracular Fitrrozvs. These are found on the cephalic mar- 

 gin of some or all of the movable segments just cephalad of the 

 spiracles (Fig. 2, B, sf). In many genera they are only present 

 on the fifth segment. In some genera there are a number of 

 low ridges, in others a very distinct pocket-like invagination. 



Cremaster. The cremaster (Fig. 2, B, cr) is a prolongation 

 of the tenth segment. It is of various shapes and lengths and 

 often separated from the tenth segment by a depression. Its 

 length is measured on the ventral surface, from its junction 

 with the curve of the tefrth segment to the distal end. In Fig. 

 2, A, ab represents the cremastral length. 



CLASSIFICATION. 



The superfamily Notodontoidea, as considered in this pa- 

 per, includes the families Geometridae, Notodontidae and Pla- 

 typterygidae. The family Dioptidae also belongs to this super- 

 family but there are no species in the eastern states. 



The pupae of this superfamily are not always easy to separ- 

 ate from those most closely related, the Noctuoidea and Bom- 

 bycoidea. As in the case of the larvae and adults, there is no 

 one prominent character by which they may be recognized, and 

 it is only a careful comparison of several characters that en- 

 ables us to recognize the pupae of the Notodontoidea. The 

 labial palpi are seldom exposed, and then only a small triangu- 

 lar or polygonal portion caudad of the labrum, thus differing 



