May 29, 1895.] 



Garden and Forest. 



2)5 



trate stems are hanging- over stone ledges. In a slightly 

 elevated position it thrives the best, for it resents water 

 about the roots in vvfinter. The flowers are fragrant, of a 

 golden-yellow color, and are borne thickly in panicles at 

 the ends of the stems. It is rather shrubby at the base, and 

 rarely grows more than a foot tall. Although it gives the 

 best results in an elevated jiosition, nevertheless it makes a 

 good border-plant in a sunny place when the soil is well 

 drained. It is easily raised from seed. Seed sown in 

 March make large plants by the fall. 



Arthroi'odium cirrhatum. — This is an interesting and 

 attractive greenhouse herbaceous perennial which flowers 

 at this season. It is a New Zealand Liliaceous plant with 

 partly folded grass-like leaves, some two inches broad and 

 eighteen inches long. These leaves are gracefully curved 

 and radical. The flovi'ers are borne in loose racemes on 

 jointed stems well above the foliage. The flowers indi- 

 vidually are pure white, with prominent yellow stamens, 

 about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and the white 

 petals are well refle.xed. They endure for several weeks, 

 and the plant is ornamental either with or without them. 

 It offers no difficulties in cultivation, growing strongly in 



established practice for three or four years, but it was not until 

 last year that the application of Bordeaux mixture for the scab 

 fungus was extensively tried by apple-growers. Many of these 

 experiments with the fungicide were remarkably successful, 

 and they liave had a noticeable effect upon the operations this 

 spring. Few persons are now spraying orchards with Paris 

 green alone, but they are combining the poison with the fun- 

 gicide, and thousands of acres of orchards are lieing treated 

 with this combination. 



For the most part these applications are well made, and the 

 growers are willing to repeat them two or three times. Yet 

 I am more and more convinced that still greater thoroughness 

 is the secret of ultimate success. The Bordeaux combination 

 adheres to the twigs and foliage for weeks, and I am sure that 

 one thorough application of it is more efficacious than two or 

 three carelessly made. This has been well illustrated in some 

 experiments which I have just made on a large scale for the 

 destruction of the Canker-worm in an orchard in Orleans 

 County. It is well known to experimenters that this rapacious 

 insect is readily killed with Paris green, and yet the greater 

 part of the most painstaking orchardists of western New York 

 who have had experience with it have failed to completely 

 rout it by spraying. Some persons have even used a 

 mixture of Paris green as strong as one pound to forty gallons 

 of water, with indifferent success. The trouble is that the 



Fig. 32. — Elood-root, Snnguinaria Canadensis. — See paj^e 214. 



sandy loam in a greenhouse temperature. It is increased 

 by seeds, division and offsets. 



Iris Kochii. — Among the large early-flowering bearded 

 Irises this stands distinct among the many purple kinds 

 now in bloom. The large flowers are of a peculiarly rich 

 dark vinous-purple color, which is very effective and 

 striking. Besides the typical I. Germanica there are a 

 number of hybrids in the same section with various shades 

 of purple, but none rnore effective than this Istrian species. 



Cultural Department. 



Orchard Notes from Western New York, 



"^EVER before has there been so much interest in spraying 

 -'•^ orchards, and in the best parts of the fruit sections of 

 western New York nearly all the fruit-growers will spray their 

 trees. The people have now had sufficient experience in the 

 operation to ask most explicit questions about every detail. In 

 the Apple districts of Wayne, Ontario, Monroe, Orleans and 

 Niagara Counties, it is no longer necessary to exhort the fruit- 

 growers to adopt the practice, for they are already convinced 

 and are now chiefly concerned in perfecting the methods and 

 appliances. 



Spraying with Paris green for the Codlin-moth has been an 



insect appears suddenly in great numbers and eats voraciouslv. 

 The treatment which is needed, therefore, is not one of great 

 strength, hut one of great thoroughness, so that every portion 

 of the foliage may be coated with the poison. The worms 

 must be killed quickly, before they have eaten far, for five or 

 six of these greedy creatures soon dispatch a leaf. On trees 

 where the worms would average this numlier to every leaf 

 we were able to destroy them all with two applications of a 

 pound of Paris green to 200 gallons of water, and in some 

 cases even a single spray was sufficient. But this spray was 

 liberal and thorough. On old trees we applied as much as six 

 gallons to each tree, while growers in general were using from 

 one to two gallons of a twice or thrice stronger mixture with 

 poor results. 



Another remarkaljle feature of the present spring in tlie 

 Apple regions is the great number of orchards which have 

 been plowed up and put under clean culture. The repeated 

 failures of the apple crop in recent years have now thoroughly 

 aroused the growers of western New York. For a time they 

 waited, hoping for productive years, as of old ; but the crops 

 did not come, and now an effort is making to bring the crops. 

 I doubt if the experiment of reviving old Apple-orchards by 

 tillage was ever tried on such a gigantic scale as it is now 

 being tried in western New York. In the meantime it is 

 gratifying to know that the rural population is at last ready to 

 accept the teachings of investigators quickly and fully. 



Cornell Universily. /-. H. Bailey. 



