July 24, 1895.] 



Garden and Forest. 



293 



that pass through during the spring and autumn, or of the 

 irregular winter visitors, like the Pine Grosbeak, the two 

 Crossbills, Redpoll and Siskin, which are occasionally 

 abundant. The summer birds all nest within the bounda- 

 ries except the Barn Swallow, a colony of which breeds on 

 an adjoining estate in one of the few "Swallow-barns" 

 yet left within the city limits, and uses the Arboretum as a 

 constant feeding-ground. It will be seen that the lists in- 

 clude some of our most attractive birds of song or plumage. 

 What an addition to any park is the presence of such birds 

 as the Wood Thrush, Veery, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Bob- 

 olink, Scarlet Tanager, Indigo Bird, Quail and Partridge. 

 May they long delight us and our successors ! 



I. — SUMMER RESIDENTS. 



Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper. 



Colinus virginianus Bob-white. 



Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse. 



Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 



Coccyzus erythrophthalmus... Black-billed Cuckoo. 



Dryobates piibescens Downy Woodpecker. 



Colaptes auratus Flicker. 



Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift. 



Trochilus colubris Ruby-throated Humming Bird. 



Tyrannus tyrannus Kingbird. 



Sayornis phcebe Phcebe. 



Contopus virens Wood Pewee. 



Empidonax minimus. Least Flycatcher. 



Cyanocitta crista ta Blue Jay. 



Corvus americanus Crow. 



Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink. 



Molothrus ater Cowbird. 



Agelaius phceniceus Red-winged Blackbird. 



Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole. 



Carpodacus purpureus Purple Finch. 



Spinas tristis Goldfinch. 



Poocastes gramineus Vesper Sparrow. 



Spizella socialis Chipping Sparrow. 



Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow. 



Melospiza fasciafa Song Sparrow. 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus Towliee. 



Habia ludoviciana Rose-breasted Grosbeak. 



Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting. 



Piranga erythromelas Scarlet Tanager. 



Chelidon erythrogaster Barn Swallow. 



Ampelis cedrorum Cedar Waxwing. 



Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo. 



Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo. 



Vireo tiavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo. 



Mniotilta varia Black and White Warbler. 



Helminthophila chrysoptera .. Golden-winged Warbler. 



Dendroica ffistiva Yellow Warbler. 



Dendroica pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler. 



Dendroica virens Black-throated Green Warbler. 



Dendroica discolor Prairie Warbler. 



Seiurus aurocapillus Oven-bird. 



Geothlypis trichas Maryland Yellow-throat. 



Setophaga ruticilla Redstart. 



Galeoscoptes carolinensis .... Catbird. 



Harporhyncus rufus Brown Thrasher. 



Parus atricapillus Chickadee. 



Turdus mustelinus Wood Thrush. 



Turdus fuscescens Wilson's Thrush. 



Merula migratoria Robin. 



Sialia sialis Bluebird. 



11. — WINTER RESIDENTS. 



Colinus virginianus Bob-white. 



Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse. 



Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk. 



Dryobates pubescens Downy Woodpecker. 



Colaptes auratus Flicker. 



Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay. 



Corvus americanus Crow. 



Spinus tristis Goldfinch. 



Melospiza fasciata Song Sparrow. 



Spizella monticola Tree Sparrow. 



J unco hyemalis Snowbird. 



Lanius borealis Northern Shrike. 



Certhia familiaris americana. . Brown C eper. 



Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch. 



Parus atricapillus Chickadee. 



Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned K-'^glet. 



Arnold Arboretum. C. E. FaX07l. 



On the Tanning Properties of the Bark of Three 

 North American Trees. 



AS is well known, the bark of Quercus densiflora, of 

 California, is popularly considered the most valuable 

 tanning material produced in the Pacific states of North 

 America. This Oak is the only American representative 

 of a peculiar group of trees which inhabit south-eastern 

 Asia, and are intermediate in botanical characters between 

 the true Oaks and the Chestnuts. There is another genus, 

 Castanopsis, which is also intermediate between the Oaks 

 and the Chestnuts, and also of south-eastern Asia, but, 

 curiously enough, with a single representative in Oregon 

 and California, Castanopsis chrysophylla, a very beautiful 

 tree, which the Californians call the Gold-leaved Chestnut, 

 from the bright golden scurf which covers the lower sur- 

 face of the leaves. Some botanists treat Castanopsis as a 

 section of Castanea, while others, like Dr. King, of Calcutta, 

 who has made a special study of the genus, although find- 

 ing no very good characters by which it can be distinguished 

 from one of the Asiatic sections of Quercus, maintain the 

 genus for purposes of convenience. The relationship of 

 this tree to Quercus densiilora on one hand, and to the 

 Chestnut on the other, suggested that its wood and bark 

 might contain valuable tanning properties, and, at our 

 suggestion. Professor Henry Trimble, the professor of 

 analytical chemistry in the Philadelphia College of Phar- 

 macy and the American authority on tannins, has made an 

 examination of the bark and wood, as well as of the bark 

 of Quercus densiflora and of the common eastern Horn- 

 beam, Ostrya Virginiana, vi'ith the results which he has set 

 forth in the following letter : 



The following tigures represent the results obtained by me 

 on the wood and bark of Castanopsis and on the bark of 

 Quercus densiflora and Ostrya Virginiana, the last collected in 

 June near Philadelphia. As the sample of Castanopsis bark 

 was quite "green" when received, I presume it was collected 

 in the early part of June. 



Castanopsis bark. 

 " wood 



Quercus densi- ) 

 flora bark . j 

 Ostrya bark . . . 



Moisture. 



42.72 per cent, 

 9-7S 

 10.31 

 20.41 " 



Tannin, in abso- 

 lutely dry sample. 



18. 92 per cent. 



3,67 



16.12 

 6.49 



Ash, in absolutely 

 dry sample. 



3.70 per cent. 

 0.72 " 



2.46 



8.47 



The purified tannins from the Castanopsis bark and from the 

 bark of Quercus densiflora gave, on elementary analysis, the 

 following results : 



Castanopsis. Quercus densidura. 



Carbon, . . . 60.69 per cent. 6071 percent. 

 Hydrogen, . . 4.95 " 5.21 " 



Oxygen, . . . 34.36 " 34 oS 



These results, when t;iken with the fact that they gave green 

 precipitates with salts of iron and precipitates with bromine 

 water, indicate tliat the tannins from Castanopsis bark and 

 wood, from the bark of Quercus densiflora and from Ostrya 

 bark are identical, and that they all belong to the Oak-bark 

 group of tannins. 



The Ostrya bark contains nearly enough tannin to make it 

 valuable in the leather industry, and the barks of Castanopsis 

 and of Quercus densiflora ought to be especially valuable, 

 since there are very few barks that equal them in percentage 

 of astrigent principle. Of course, I do not know how abun- 

 dantly the trees occur ; you undoubtedly have that informa- 



College of Pharmacy, Philadelplua. Henry Trimble. 



Castanopsis, although it does not form forests in Cali- 

 fornia, is not rare on the coast ranges of northern Califor- 

 nia, where it grows to its largest size, sometimes to the 

 height of more than eighty feet, so that this tree may be 

 expected to become a valuable factor in the tannin supply 

 of the Pacific states. 



The specimens of bark of Castanopsis and Quercus 

 densiflora were obtained for Professor Trimble's analysis 

 by Miss Alice Eastwood, the botanical curator of the 



