314 



Garden and Forest. 



[Ntjuiii ;3 



cens, van chrysaster, and it is a threat improvement upon 

 the older variety, the plant being much more robust and 

 the heads fully two inches across. C. maximum is a most 

 attractive summer bedding-plant. 



Coreopsis or Calliopsis. — The best of this genus are two 

 forms of Coreopsis tinctoria named atrosanguinea and bi- 

 color. They grow about eighteen inches high, the former 

 having rich maroon-crimson flowers, the latter deep yel- 

 low, with a large maroon centre. The Texan C. Drum- 

 mondi is almost as ornamental, but its flowers are nearly 

 all yellow and its leaves are less elegant. 



Delphinium. — One of the most admired of all the species 

 of this genus is the Siberian Delphinium grandiflorum, 

 which grows to a height of eighteen inches or two feet, and 

 has slender stems with feathery leaves and the richest gen- 

 tian-blue flowers. It is said to be one of the parents of the 

 fine border Delphiniums. It flowers freely the first year 

 from seeds. All the varieties of D. Ajacis are worth grow- 

 ing, their height being from three to Ave feet and their 

 flowers in loose large panicles. They are annuals, and are 

 easily raised from seeds. 



Eryngiums. — The best of these are Eryngium alpinum, 

 with leafy stems a yard high and vv^horls of large involucral 

 bracts of a rich steel-blue color ; E. Oliverianum, equally 

 handsome, and not unlike E. alpinum in color, and E. 

 giganteum, which has milk-white bracts, and is one of the 

 happiest in the ordinary border. These plants should be 

 raised from seeds sown in pots and grown on in a frame 

 the first year. There are numerous other species and varie- 

 ties deserving of a place in gardens, but they are not in 

 flower now. 



Ph.^celia campanularia is one of the most beautiful of 

 Californian annuals, and it is a good plant for dry situations. 

 Here it has been greatly admired in beds on the lawn, 

 where it is sown over bulbous Irises to furnish the beds in 

 summer. 



Brachycome iBERmiFOLiA, the Swan River Daisy, is a 

 charming annual when sown in large patches near the front 

 of the border, where it forms a tuft a yard through and a 

 foot high of hair-like stems bearing bright blue daisy-like 

 flowers an inch across. 



Centaurea cynaroides is one of the best of the exotic 

 Knap weeds, and, although a native of the Canary Islands, 

 is hardy here. Its stems are two feet high, the leaves are 

 deeply pinnatifid, a foot long, dark green, virith a pale 

 midrib, and the flower-heads are large and of a bright 

 mauve color. If our native Corn-flower, C. Cyanus, is not 

 generally grown in America, 1 can strongly recommend it 

 as a suitable companion for the Sweet Sultan, C. moschata, 

 both for the open border and in the greenhouse in spring. 



Salvia Horminum, the purple Clary, is attractive on ac- 

 count of the rich purple-blue leaf-like bracts borne at the 

 apex of the flower-spike. It is of the easiest culture and 

 should be in every herbaceous border. Salvia virgata is 

 ornamental in the color of its calyces, which clothe the long 

 erect spikes and are a bright red-purple. In the twilight 

 this plant has a rich glow. It grows to a height of four 

 feet and has small blue flovi'ers. 



Malv.a. — All the Mallows are ornamental, but there is a 

 specially handsome one in flower here now named Malva 

 Alcea, var. fastigiata. It is five feet high, well branched, 

 forming a broad bush, crowded with bright mauve-pink 

 flowers two inches across. It is quite hardy and perennial. 



NiGELLA Damascena, the Fennel Flower, is a strikingly 

 handsome annual, with stems, leaves, flowers and fruits 

 which suggest spider's webs in their elegance and arrange- 

 ment. The flowers are star-shaped, nearly two inches across, 

 pale blue, and the Poppy-like fruits are crowned with a whorl 

 of horns suggestive of long spiders' legs. 



Lynchnis Cceli-rosea is a beautiful little annual Campion, 

 a foot high, with Linum-like pale purple flowers, and the 

 variety elegans has flowers of a rich, glowing crimson 

 color. The latter is an exceptionally fine thing for the 

 border. 



Ononis, or Rest Harrow, is common in some parts of 



England, but some of the species are worth a place in the 

 garden ; for instance, O. rotundifolia and O. repens, as 

 they form compact little bushes and flower freely during 

 the early part of summer. 



Centkanthus ruber and C. macrosiphon, two of the best 

 of the Valerians, are beautiful in the garden and magnifi- 

 cent on chalky soil. This year they have done well, the 

 heads of flowers being large and bright in color. In Phoe- 

 nix Park, Dublin, C. ruber has taken almost entire posses- 

 sion of a large rock-garden, and when in flower it is like a 

 cloud of bright red. Along the railways running through 

 the chalk downs in the south of England, it is also very 

 abundant, and when in flower in summer it astonishes 

 travelers unacquainted with its beauty. 



I might also include such plants as Helenium pumilum, 

 Iberis umbellata Empress and carnea, the stately Bocconia 

 cordata and Lathyrus rotundifolius, the early Dahlias and 

 summer-flowering Chrysanthemums, which contribute 

 largely to the charm of our gardens in July. Many of these 

 are old acquaintances, but they are often overlooked even 

 by experienced horticulturists, and a reminder of them is 

 often welcome. 



London. W. WotSOIl. 



Entomological. 



The White-marked Tussock Moth, Orgyia leuco- 

 stigma, in Western New York. 



NUMEROUS complaints concerning the depredations 

 of this insect in Apple-orchards have recently come 

 from fruit-growers in the western part of the state, espe- 

 cially from Yates and Ontario counties. One fruit-grower 

 in this vicinity reports that twenty-five per cent, of his 

 apple crop has been ruined this year by this insect. The 

 injury is done by the caterpillars alone, which feed not 

 only upon the foliage but on the young apples as well. 

 They gnaw into the sides of the apples, thus causing them 

 to become withered and deformed. 



This destructive caterpillar is very striking in appear- 

 ance. It is quite slender and covered with hairs of various 

 lengths and colors. The prevailing color is bright yellovs'. 

 The head and two tubercle-like projections on the back are 

 coral-red. The four tufts of hair on the back are white. 

 The two long plumes in front and the one at the posterior 

 extremity are black. A broad black stripe runs the full 

 length of the back, and on each side is a broader dark 

 brown or black one. Along the sides, arranged in two 

 rows, are numerous yellow tubercles, from which radiate 

 pale yellow hairs. 



The adult insect is a moth. The female is wingless, 

 light gray in color, and if examined soon after she emerges 

 from her cocoon will be found greatly distended with eggs. 

 The males are provided with four dark brown wings, 

 marked with a few dark wavy lines and a white spot on 

 the inner angle of each anterior wing. Not being able to 

 fly, the female clings to the outside of her cocoon, upon 

 which she deposits her eggs, fastening them in place by a 

 gelatinous frothy mass, which soon becomes hard and brit- 

 tle. Usually one or two dead leaves will be found sticking 

 to the mass. According to Mr. Saunders, a single female 

 will deposit from 300 to 500 eggs in one of these masses. 



It is in this state that the insect passes the winter, the 

 eggs lying dormant until about the middle of May or first 

 of June, when the young caterpillars are hatched. They 

 quickly spread to various parts of the tree, feeding vora- 

 ciously on the under sides of the leaves, and, as above 

 noted, frequently upon the )'oung apples as well. This 

 brood completes its transformation about the first of August, 

 and the second brood before the cold winter weather sets in. 



'When the caterpillars are established in an orchard, jar- 

 ring the trees is recommended. Mr. C. K. Scoon, of Geneva, 

 New York, who found them abundant in his Plum-orchard 

 last year, kept them in check by frequently jarring the 

 trees by a succession of light taps. The caterpillars at 

 first hang suspended by a silk thread, but the repeated 



