November 6, 1895. J 



Garden and Forest. 



449 



The tendency to doubling, according to Lindley and other 

 liorticulturists, is in proportion to the number of stamens and 

 pistils in tlie flower, and the conditions which bring on doubling 

 are rapid forcing and high cultivation or fertilization. In other 

 words, whenever, from any cause, an excessive development 

 of the vegetative system results, then doubling is likely to 

 occur. A plethoric condition of the plant induces it, and a 

 gardener recently told me he believed any flower could be 

 made to double under continued high cultivation. 



Another set of facts indicates that doubling is produced by 

 overnutrition. Plants that produce double flowers in rich soil 

 often produce single ones when changed to poor soil, and, 

 furthermore, toward the end of the season, when the vigor of 

 the plant is waning, double Carnations, Roses, Poppies and 

 other flowers often become single. 



We can now see why rapid forcing and high cultivation 

 tend to produce double flowers. The plant in that condition 

 is directing its energies toward an increase of its vegetative 

 system, and its vegetative activity is so powerful that it extends 

 to the reproductive system, and the essential organs of repro- 

 duction are replaced by sepals or petals, which are more 

 closely allied to the vegetative organs. The stamens are 

 more often affected because, as has been pointed out, they 

 have a closer morphological relation to the vegetative organs 

 than have the pistils. When this vegetative exuberance is 

 carried a step further the pistil may be replaced by petals. 



Cornell University. G. Harold Powell. 



Exhibitions. 



Forestry at Atlanta. 



ALTHOUGH not so large as that made two years ago at 

 Chicago, the forestry exhibit at Atlanta is certainly the 

 most instructive and, from an educational point of view, the 

 most valuable that has yet appeared at any of the great exhibi- 

 tions held in this country. It has been arranged under the 

 general direction of I\Ir. B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Division 

 of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture, who made the 

 scheme of the exhibit and prepared the plans for the attractive 

 rustic buildings in which he has installed it. The group 

 arranged by the Division of Forestry is the most interesting 

 and valuable feature of the exhibit. More than two hundred 

 and eighty species of the southern trees are here represented 

 by dried branches, showing flowers, foliage and fruit, and by 

 specimens of wood and bark. These specimens are accom- 

 panied by maps of North America showing the distribution of 

 the species. The distribution of the twenty chief timber trees 

 of the south is shown on much larger maps, accompanied by 

 sections of the trunks of full-grown trees, pieces of the wood 

 polished and unpolished, the whole being surrounded by large 

 frames niade from the bark of the species. The methods and 

 results of the timber tests now carried on by the Department 

 are shown by pieces of the wood used to determine their 

 strength and resistance to pressure in various directions, as 

 well as by the testing machine itself. Three maps in high 

 relief show an imaginary southern farm ruined by erosion fol- 

 lowing excessive deforestation, and the same farm improved 

 by partial and by sufficient forestation with its increased fer- 

 tility. These models, which are well considered and effectually 

 carried out, make one of the most instructive features in the 

 whole exhibit, and several rural economists who have seen 

 them declare that they should be reproduced and a copy de- 

 posited as an object-lesson in some accessible place in every 

 county town throughout the south. 



For the exhibit made by the Department of Agriculture the 

 jury has recommended a gold medal, the highest award at 

 their disposal ; and to Mr. 13. E, Fernow, " for his conspicuous 

 skill and devotion in preparing and installing the exhibit," a 

 special individual diploma, similar diplomas being recom- 

 mended for his assistants, Mr. George 15. Sudworth, of VVasli- 

 ington, and Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile. 



Mr. J. G. Schuler, who is a German turpentine manufacturer, 

 of Edgewood, Louisiana, exhibits his new process for obtain- 

 ing turpentine from Pine-trees. A modification of the French 

 method, it has the advantage of reducing considerably the 

 danger which "boxed" trees are subjected to by fire, while 

 the quality of the product is improved and the individual tree 

 is less injured than it is by the method now generally adopted 

 in the United States. The jury recommended a silver medal 

 to Mr. Schuler for his invention, which either in its present 

 form or with some further modifications seems destined to 

 add millions of dollars to the productive value of the Pine 

 forests of the southern states. 



An admirable collection of planks of selected timber-trees of 



North Carolina, accompanied by photographs, is exhibited by 

 the Geological Survey of North Carolina, which receives a 

 silver medal for its exhibit. 



The timber of one hundred and fifty indigenous trees of 

 Georgia, each log being accompanied by a map showing the 

 distribution of the species in the state, is exhibited by the Geo- 

 logical Survey of Georgia. This collection, which is the fullest 

 of its kind here, receives a silver medal, while a special indi- 

 vidual diploma is given to Mr. John K. Small, of Columbia 

 College, "for the intelligence, zeal and industry which he has 

 displayed in collecting it" during the few months allowed him 

 for the purpose. 



One of the most instructive exhibits here is that of the Mobile 

 & Ohio Railroad, consisting of a collection of planks and trunk 

 sections of twenty-six of the most important trees of southern 

 Alabama and Mississippi, together with six original maps, 

 prepared by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile. These show the 

 distribution of the principal timber-trees of Alabama, the chief 

 centres of lumber manufacture in that state, and the statistics 

 of the yield of forest products on the line of this railroad. 

 These maps are the most important original cartographic work 

 in the whole Forestry Exhibit, and Dr. Mohr is especially com- 

 mended for them by his associates on the jury. 



The method of producing naval stores, with the tools used 

 in the process, a model of a turpentine-still and samples of 

 naval stores of all kinds are exhibited in a most instructive 

 manner by the Savannah Board of Trade, although, unfor- 

 tunately, this exhibit is not in the Forestry Building, and may, 

 therefore, be overlooked by special students of the subject, 

 who would hardly expect to find it in a gallery of one of the 

 other buildings. 



Several individual exhibits are instructive, especially that of 

 H. W. Russell, of Huntsville, and Von Beren & Company, of 

 Evansville, Indiana, who show logs and billets of hickory and 

 the application of this wood in the manufacture of tool han- 

 dles and wagon and wheel stock ; that of the Western Carolina 

 Lumber Company, of Asheville, North Carolina, who show 

 lumber of Liriodendron and its application to the interior finish 

 of houses ; the Hilton & Dodge Lumber Company, of Simons- 

 ville, Georgia, who exhibit the wood of Taxodium and its 

 application in the arts ; the Missouri Lumber Company, of 

 Granden, Missouri, who show beautiful specimens of the 

 Short-leaved Pine (Pinus echinata), in various stages of manu- 

 facture and its application in the arts ; the Nininger-Gregg 

 Company, of Curly, Alabama, who show logs of Red Cedar 

 (juniperus Virginiana), and its application in the manufacture 

 of wooden-ware ; the Atlanta Lumber Company, of Atlanta, 

 Georgia, who show the Long-leaved Pine in its various stages 

 of manufacture and its application in the arts and in con- 

 struction. 



The beauty of the building is heightened by photographic 

 transparencies of important timber-trees placed in the win- 

 dows, and exhibited by the Caldwell Lumber Company, of 

 Lenoir, North Carolina. 



It is, of course, impossible to mention in an article of this 

 character all the exhibits, but enough, perhaps, has been said 

 to show that forestry, in its educational aspects, has never been 

 shown so well before in this country. In closing its report to 

 the Commission of Awards, the special Jury in Class A (For- 

 estry) takes occasion to say : 



" Maps and statistics, forming parts of exhibits submitted to 

 the Jury in Forestry, furnish independent evidence of the 

 exceptionally rapid and improvident destruction of the mag- 

 nificent deciduous and coniferous forests of the south. To 

 this evidence, substantiated as it is by the personal knowledge 

 of the Jury, we desire to call special attention, as well as to the 

 remedy for the condition it discloses. An analogous condi- 

 tion in nearly all other parts of the country is within the expe- 

 rience of the members of this Jury, which has extended to an 

 examination of the forests of every state and territory in the 

 Union. In view of the serious and peculiar dangers which, in 

 our judgment, threaten agriculture and commerce from the 

 destruction of forests throughout the country, and the imme- 

 diate need for the application of the remedies, we are impelled 

 to lay the following brief statement of the latter before you. 



" A fundamental cure for these evils lies in a general knowl- 

 edge of the nature of forestry, and a recognition by the people 

 of the fact that it offers a practical, efficient and available 

 means, in the United States, of harvesting a forest crop with- 

 out injury to the forest. But the formation of public opinion 

 is necessarily slow, and in this instance action is required at 

 once. The first step, therefore, should consist of legislation 

 to favor the protection of forests throughout the United States, 

 and more especially for the permanent preservation and pro- 

 tection of forest lands about the headwaters of streams, much 



