- THE ALCOHOL INDUSTRY. PART I. HI 



. Alcohol Production. 



Introduction. Table X. Conditions in the Province of Pangasinan. Con- 

 ditions in the Bulacan-Pampanga district. 

 DiSTiLLEEY Methods. 



Fermentation. Distillation. Transportation of sap and alcohol. Efficiency 

 of distilleries. 

 Control Tests: 



No. 1, Table XI; No. 2, Table XII. Losses. 

 Suggestions for Improvement. 

 Costs. 



The raw material. Cost of distillation. Table XIII. Income derived from 

 nipa swamps and compensation of the laborers. 

 Vinegar. 



Table XIV. 

 Sugar. 



Collection of sap. 



Sugar boiling experiment, Table XV. 

 Estimates of production. 

 The Fruit of the Nipa Palm. 

 Illustrations. 



DESCRIPTION. 



The nipa is an erect, stemless palm, the leaves and inflorescences 

 arising from a branched rootstock, the leaves pinnate, 3 to 10 meters 

 long. Inflorescence from near the base of the leaves, erect, brown, 1 to 

 1.5 or 2 meters high, bearing numerous sheathing spathes and both 

 male and female flowers, the former lateral, catkin-like, the latter ter- 

 minal in a gjobose head. Fruit nodding, globose, as large as a man's head 

 or often considerably larger, consisting of many abovoid, 6-angled, 

 1-celled, 1-seeded carpels, the free parts pjrramidal, the pericarp fibrous, 

 the seed large, white, hard. 



HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. 



This palm grows only along the mouths of tidal rivers in low, wet 

 lands subject to overflows of brackish water as the tides rise each day, 

 and it will not thrive in localities where either fresh or sea water alone 

 is available. 



Nipa swamps of considerable size and importance occur in a number 

 of provinces in the Philippines. 



Map No. 1 shows the distribution in the Islands. 



This map is compiled from information obtained by the industrial division 

 of the Bureau of Education through the industrial schedules sent out in the year 

 1910 to Kich town in the Philippines, and as a consequence there is information 

 on file as to whether much, little, or no nipa swamp is located in the vicinity 

 of each town. Wliere doubt existed as to the correctness of the information an 

 attempt was made to check it by correspondence with division superintendents, and 

 in several instances maps of provinces shewing the nipa areas have been sub- 

 mitted. Hated in the order of their size, irrespective of their present commercial 

 importance, the most extensive areas are situated as follows: 



Portions of the Provinces of Pampanga and Bulacan bordering on Manila Bay, 

 102300 4 



