132 GIBBS. 



to 55 per cent, depending upon the locality. The distillation is further continued 

 imtil little alcohol is passing over. The pot is then emptied and this second 

 fraction poured back to form a part of the next run. The losses are usually small. 

 Tlie continuous stills deliver alcohol varying from 50 to 95 per cent. The losses 

 are usually large and can be traced to several different sources. The waste 

 passing out of the stills often contains 1 per cent of alcohol. The plants in 

 Manila are all rectifying stills which are almost entirely employed in the distilla- 

 tion of crude alcohol. Some grain mashes are made. The question of the improve- 

 ment of distillery methods will be taken up in a subsequent part of this paper. 



Transportation of sap and alcohol. — The sap, as has been previously 

 mentioned, is transported to the distilleries in canoes, sometimes in bulk 

 and sometimes in earthen jars. There, it is bailed from the open boats 

 or emptied from the jars into the fermentation tanks sometimes directly 

 after a laborious climb of a flight of steps and sometimes, in the more 

 modern plants, into receiving vessels where it is measured and then 

 pumped by hand or steam to the fermentation vats. In many places 

 the moving of the tuba and alcohol in the distillery is all done by hand 

 by means of the earthen jars, or wooden or glass receptacles. The fer- 

 menting tanks are filled by emptying the tuba into them by hand and 

 the fermented liquid is ladled from them to the stills. In some estab- 

 lishments the tuba is transported from the fenmentation tanks to the 

 stills by means of iron or bamboo pipes and hand or steam pumps. There 

 is no instance where the wasteful and expensive hand labor of transporting 

 the fermenting sap is entirely done away with. 



The methods employed for handling the alcohol are, in general, somewhat 

 better, although many distilleries perform tliis labor also by hand. Hand or 

 steam pumps and gravity flow are used to transport the alcohol from the con- 

 densers or receiving wells to the storage tanks. One of the largest and most 

 economically managed plants in the nipa district employs denatured '' alcohol 

 to supply power for the electric lighting and pumping machinery. For this 

 purpose two motors, one of 6 and one of 8 horse power, are installed, the former 

 furnishing power in the day and the latter at night when the electric lighting 

 of the distillery and the manager's residence consumes an increased production. 



A considerable quantity of the alcohol is transported to Manila in wicker- 

 covered glass demijohns where it is sold for beverages, or to the rectifiers. The 

 best managed plants transport their product in large iron tanks built into the 

 scows or cascoes which make the joixrney across the bay. 



An important economic improvement over the present method for 

 conveying the sap from the ni pales to the distilleries, I believe, could be 

 accomplished by the establishment of pipe lines. The greatest expense 

 involved is that of the pipe. The swamps are of necessity level and the 



" Law requires industrial alcohol to be denatured. 



