February 17, 1892.] 



Garden and Forest. 



?5 



The winter bmls of Shepherdia make one of its most at- 

 tractive features. The plant is dioecious, but it is easy to 

 distinguish the two Isinds of flower-buds and the leaf-buds from 

 each other. The leaf-buds are the largest of the three kinds, 

 oblong and terminal or in pairs on the slender branches. Tlie 

 abundant budsof the sterile flowers of pin-liead size are globu- 

 lar and clustered. Those of the fertile flower are still smaller, 

 slightly pear-shaped, single or in pairs, and not so crowded as 

 the other. An undeveloped branch often shows the oblong 

 terminal bud with a spherical Hower-bud on each side at its 

 base, producing an odd appearance. Their covering and 

 structure are instructive as revealing their adaptation to their 

 winter exposure and early flowering in the spring, for they are 

 well on their way of development. Outwardly they are dry 

 and hard. The rusty scales are so crowded that they overlap 

 or interlock by their jagged edges, making a firm outer case. 

 Being irregular in arrangement, the buds are completely shin- 

 gled, and their vital parts effectually guarded against cold and 

 rain. There are no bud-scales, the first two leaves to be 

 formed and the calyx of the flower, respectively, serving this 

 purpose in the economy of the plant. The leaves of Shepherdia 

 being opposite, two of those just starting unite by their valvate 

 edges, and form a case for the more tender part of the bud 

 within. The cavity is copiously lined with soft white hairs like 

 those on the upper side of the mature leaves. Being close 

 pressed, they further protect the tender part at the base of the 

 cavity with a cottony covering. The flower-buds are made of 

 the four valvate sepals, but are not fleece-lined, the wall of 

 the cavity being green and naked. The bud of the sterile 

 flowers is a hollow sphere, in which a lens shows a circle 

 of stamens, with their yellow anthers already well advanced. 

 In the cavity of the fertile bud the ovary and style, its stigma 

 turned to one side, as in the expanded flower, are easily dis- 

 cerned. Even the single ovule can be removed from the 

 ovary. In both kinds of buds the disk which characterizes 

 the flowers is plainly seen. By comparing the internal struc- 

 ture of the buds with their external appearance the eye soon 

 learns to distinguish the two kinds of bush as readily as when 

 they are covered with flowers or fruit. 



Some of the Willows are as easily identified in their leafless 

 state as in the summer. The polished bark of the vigorous 

 shoots makes bright pictures in the winter landscape. IVIany 

 shades of color, varying from yellows to browns and reds, 

 fairly glitter in bright contrast with almost blackened barkof the 

 old stems. The buds on the young canes are likewise showy 

 with their smooth and shining scales. Though the principal 

 home of the Willow is in the water along the edges of the 

 sloughs, where it contends for the mastery with the Alder and 

 Button-ball, the Pine-barrens have several which are essen- 

 tially dry-ground shrubs, or flourish on the sand-hills. Among 

 these are Salix humilis and the less common S. tristis. Both 

 are easily distinguished from other kinds by greenish pubes- 

 cent branches and their smaller size. On the sand ridges and 

 dunes by the lake-shore the prevailing species are S. glauco- 

 phylla and S. adenophylla. They are from two to six feet high, 

 S. adenophylla being the stouter in habit. Both propagate 

 freely by means of their roots and buried stems, the stems 

 quickly taking root and sending up fresh stems, so that the 

 species form extensive clumps crowning the low sand-hillocks. 

 They have a light gray bark, but differ in the color of the 

 young shoots and twigs, those of S. glaucophylla being smooth 

 and yellowish, while those of S. adenophylla are dark red or 

 purplish. The latter also has the buds and tips of the branches 

 densely pubescent with soft gray appressed hairs, and may be 

 distinguished from all others by this character alone. 



The region is rich in species of Cornus, all but two of the 

 ten found in the northern states growing here. Three of them 

 are conspicuous for their red or purple bark, and Cornus alter- 

 nifolia is quite as distinct for its deep green stems. The 

 brightest of them is the Red Osier (C. stolonifera), its bark 

 being of a beautiful red-purple, so that a clump of it well 

 supplied with young canes is almost crimson at this season. 

 The silky Cornel (C. sericea), in the same localities, wears a 

 more sober hue of dull purple. More like the Red Osier is 

 the one recently described as C. Baileyi, and flgured inGARDEisr 

 AND Forest, vol. iii., p. 464. IVIany of thecanesare very bright, 

 and the bark polished, as on the Red Osier. But they are 

 mostly darker colored, being dark red to dull purple, in the 

 latter case more like the Silky Cornel. They differ in color 

 much as does the blood in the arteries and veins. C. Baileyi 

 is abundant on the sand-ridge which skirts the shore of Lake 

 Michigan and on the high sand-hills contiguous to it. With 

 the two Willows, Salix glaucophylla and S. adenophylla, it is 

 the most characteristic shrub of the immediate shore. The 

 three have essentially the same habits of growth, and are well 



adapted to the same conditions of soil and moisture. All 

 serve admirably to keep the shifting sands in place, and when 

 met with on the dunes and ridges are likely to crown excres- 

 cent knolls and hillocks to whose formation they have mainly 

 contributed by retaining the sand heaped about their roots and 

 stems. As the sand accumulates around their lower parts 

 adventitious roots grow out, and the base of each buried stem 

 or branch becomes the root-system of another stem or mul- 

 tiplicity of stems. In this way they spread with rapidity, and 

 form clumps several feet or yards in diameter. C. Baileyi 

 propagates readily in this manner. Its stems are ascending 

 or erect, and from two to six feet high. Itdoesnotseem to have 

 proper stolons, like its near ally, C. stolonifera, but the anal- 

 agous provision of spreading by layers, which it also shares 

 with the Red Osier in the sands, serves the same purpose. It 

 would appear to be a desirable shrub to plant in the loose 

 sand by a windy shore to keep it in place, for it serves 

 the same purpose, with the Willows already mentioned, 

 and to some extent the Red Osier, as do grasses like Cala- 

 magrostis arenaria, and others with long fibrous roots. It 

 thrives in the bleakest situations, and is ornamental at all sea- 

 sons. With the neat and attractive foliage characteristic of all 

 the Dogwoods, it combines the habit of blooming con- 

 tinuously from June until the frost arrests it, with small 

 cymes of white flowers and clusters of white globular fruit 

 charmingly interspersed among the leaves. It is not difficult 

 to pluck from it a branch small enough for a vase bouquet, 

 with buds, flowers, green and ripe fruit altogether, an un- 

 usual character in woody plants in our latitude. In the 

 winter the purple, and frequently shining, stems make it 

 equally ornamental. To what extent it may be distinct from 

 C. stolonifera is to me a problem still unsolved, for I have 

 found forms of the latter shrub with leaves and fruit undis- 

 tinguishable from the type, blooming likewise from June to 

 September, and not merely a second time in late summer 

 or in the fall, a habit with which I have been familiar 

 from boyhood. This may, however, be due to local condi- 

 tions, the soil in which it grows and the proximity to the lake, 

 but it takes away one character on which I had relied for dis- 

 tinguishing the two species. 



Englewood, Chicago, lU. E. J. Hill. 



Notes of a Summer Journey in Europe.— VII. 



T T was my pleasure and good fortune to meet Dr. C. Bolle in 

 ^ Berlin and to visit a number of interesting points under his 

 direction and guidance, and this added greafly to the pleasure 

 and profit of my stay at the capital. One rarely meets such an 

 enthusiast in the study of trees as Dr. Bolle. He is indefati- 

 gable in his efforts to secure new things for his own grounds, 

 as well as to procure trees which may be of economic value in 

 Germany. 



In his company I visited the newly planned Victoria Park, of 

 which he has the general supervision. The situation com- 

 prises an elevated piece of ground, from the summit of which 

 a considerable outlook is obtained. The summit is sur- 

 mounted by a monumental structure in stone, which, happily, 

 is not a counterfeit old ruin, as are many structures in Conti- 

 nental landscape-architecture. 



Large Maples, Planes, Poplars, Elms and Lindens, some in- 

 dividuals with trunks almost a foot in diameter, have been 

 transplanted to this piece of ground with a view to speedily 

 obtaining park-like effects. By care in watering thoroughly 

 and often, and in protecting the bark of the trunks from the 

 heat of the sun, most of the trees appeared to have become 

 well established. It is the intention to plant American Oaks 

 instead of European species, for the curious reason tfiat the 

 former are considered as not so liable to have their foliage 

 eaten by insects. 



The trees of the city appeared to fiave scarcely suffered at 

 all from the attacks of insects during the summer. The Gypsy 

 Moth (Ocneria dispar) gives some serious annoyance here at 

 times. About Berlin I found this insect most frequent on Pop- 

 lars, but the caterpillars, chrysalids, moths or eggs were seen 

 on a variety of trees, and in various parts of Germany, but no- 

 where in injurious numbers. Being interested in it, from the 

 fact that the Massachusetts Legislature has appropriated such 

 large sums of money for the purpose of suppressing it, I 

 sought information from practical men regarding its ravages 

 and the means taken to lessen them in Germany. It was gen- 

 erally stated that there were no organized public efforts to sub- 

 due this pest any more than any other troublesome insect, 

 except the notorious Nonne (Liparis monacha), which attacks 

 the coniferous forests, and there is private enterprise and self- 

 interest enough to combat it when locally troublesome. 



