1 62 



Garden and Forest. 



[Number 215. 



seen, with trunks thirty to forty feet in length free from 

 branches. These more perfect specimens somewhat resemble 

 P. glabra, and among the natives often pass for that tree 

 under the common name of Spruce Pine. 



The coarse bark of the trunk is brownish, scaly, and not un- 

 like that of its northern relative, the New Jersey Scrub Pine ; 

 but is strikingly different from the latter in the smooth cinereous 

 bark of its upper stem and widely spreading branches. Other 

 important features of this Pine which readily distinguish it 

 from the New Jersey Pine are its longer, persistent, gray, closed 

 cones, and its less rigid and thinner leaves. The cones are 

 also more strongly reflexed than in P. Virginiana, while the 

 invokicral bracts are ten to eleven in P. clausa, and only eight 

 to nine in P. Virginiana. The cotyledons of the latter are five 

 to six, as opposed to four (occasionally five) in P. clausa. 



At the present time the light soft timber of the Florida 

 Spruce Pine has no particular economic value aside from 

 small and very local consumption. The thick, nearly white, 

 sap-wood of the younger trees is often rather coarse-grained, 

 especially in open stands ; the heart-wood, commonly less in 

 quantity than the sap, is of a light orange color, and in the 

 larger specimens of rather fine and even grain, resembling 

 that of P. echinata. The rare ability of this species to main- 

 tain itself with a degree of certainty on the pure sand- wastes of 

 the Florida coasts must doubtless recommend it as a most im- 

 portant element for the future reforestation of these and 

 other adjacent timberless barrens. 



_A few notes on the synonymy of this Pine may be of interest 

 in this connection, since its botanical name is involved in some 

 misapprehension as to its rightful author. 



P. clausa was first discovered at Apalachicola, Florida, by 

 Dr. Chapman in 1846, and twenty- three years later was in- 

 cluded in the first edition of his Flora of the Southern States, 

 first as P. clausa, then as P. inops, var. clausa, but finally dis- 

 carded, before the work was published, on the ground that it 

 was only a form of the northern Jersey Pine (P. inops). Dr. 

 Gray, however, revived the forgotten species in 1875, when he 

 saw it tor the first time in a visit to Florida, later bringing it to 

 the notice of Dr. Engelmann, who studied it carefully, and 

 published his notes in 1S77 and 1880. 



But the first notice of this species appeared in May, 1876 

 {Gardeners' Monthly, xviii., 151), in a communication by Dr. 

 Vasey entitled " Trees of Southern Florida," a list of Florida 

 woods collected and transmitted by Dr. Chapman to the De- 

 partment of Agriculture for the approaching Centennial Exhi- 

 bition. The note is as follows : " Pinus clausa, n. sp., at Apa- 

 lachicola. Dr. Engelmann is doubtful. Perhaps it may be a 

 variety of P. inops." Dr. Vasey disclaims the responsibility of 

 naming P. clausa in a note preceding this list, in which he 

 says: "I append Dr. Chapman's list of trees obtained (modi- 

 fying the arrangement)." 



Later in the same year Dr. Vasey published the next account 

 of this Pine : 



" Pinus clausa. Chapman, Florida. A small tree found by 

 Dr. Chapman at Apalachicola, related to P. inops [Cat. For. 

 Trees, 30; Rep. Coin. Agr. for 1875, i/S- 1876)." 



In 1877 [Bot. Gazette, ii., 125) and in 1880 {Trans. St. Louis 

 Acad. Sci., iv., 183) Dr. Engelmann gives us the first technical 

 diagnosis of this Pine under " P. inops, var. clausa." 



In his preliminary Catalogue of Forest Trees (18S0), under P. 

 inops. Professor Sargent says of this species : " A variety with 

 serotinous cones (P. clausa and P. inops, var. clausa, Chap.) 

 has been detected in Florida by Dr. Chapman." 



In 1883 Dr. Vasey gives the fourth notice of the Spruce Pine 

 under P. inops: "In Florida a variety of this species occurs 

 (var. clausa), which has narrower leaves and larger cones, and 

 the cones frequently remained closed on the tree for several 

 years {A>n. Journ. For., i., 164)." 



In the Catalogue of Forest Trees of North America {Reports, 

 Tenth Census, ix., 75) this Pine is designated as " Pinus clausa, 

 Vasey, Cat. For. Trees, 30," "P. inops, var. clausa, Engel- 

 mann," being cited as a synonym. 



In his supplement to the Flora (1887) Dr. Chapman follows 

 Engelmann, giving "P. inops, var. clausa, Engelm." 



The notes here given conclude the main bibliographical or- 

 deal of this Pine since its discovery, and have been reproduced 

 to help clear up the synonymy and substantiate a necessary 

 change in the authorship of P. clausa. Regarding this point, 

 it will be seen from the various accounts cited that clausa 

 was first properly established by Dr. Engelmann (I. c), and 

 that in now considering it a species, Professor Sargent, being 

 the first to properly publish it as such, is responsible for the 

 combination P. clausa, in virtue of having cited (1. c), as an 

 equivalent, Engelmann's name, the earliest one accompanied 

 by a diagnosis. This may appear unjust to the original dis- 



coverer and those who much earlier published the name P. 

 clausa ; but the decision is in accordance with the laws of no- 

 menclature and current usage. Employing the double cita- 

 tion the name will become P. clausa (Engelm.), Sargent ; or P. 

 clausa, Sarg., after the De Candollean usage. 



It is, moreover, evident that "P. clausa, Chapm.," Vasey in 

 Gard. Month., \. c; Cat. For. Trees, 1. c; Rep. Com. Agr., 1. c. 

 (1876); "P. clausa, and P. inops, var. clausa, Chapm."; Sar- 

 gent, Prelim. Cat. For. Trees, 1. c. (1880), and "P. clausa, 

 Vasey," Sarg.; Tenth Censics, 1. c. (1SS4), can be regarded only 

 as nomina nuda, being published with no characters, and ac- 

 cordingly not entitled to recognition. 



Forestry Division, 



Dept. of Agriculture. Washington, D. C. 



Geo. B. Sudworth. 



Cultural Department. 



Winter Climbers. 



SOME of our best greenhouse climbing-plants may, with 

 judicious treatment, be made to flower freely at this 

 period of the year, when they are specially acceptable and 

 useful for clothing walls, columns and rafters. The AUa- 

 mandas, for example, will continue to grow and blossom 

 as long as water is supplied to their roots, and their 

 gorgeous, rich golden flowers are always pleasing. These 

 plants, however, give best satisfaction when allowed a season of 

 •complete rest. Summer and autumn is their proper flowering 

 time ; when this is prolonged into winter, the plants should be 

 kept perfectly dry for a few weeks in spring, and pruned 

 moderately close a week or so in advance of starting them, in 

 order to insure a good crop of flowers during the following 

 season. A. noblis and A. Schottii are perhaps the best kinds 

 for general use ; they require a soil of good substance, plenty 

 of space for their roots, and a stove temperature. 



A plant of similarly energetic habit is Bignonia venusta, one 

 of the choicest of exotic climbers. It is very floriferous, pro- 

 ducing large terminal trusses of vivid orange trumpet-shaped 

 flowers from September to April. Plenty of space should be 

 allotted to the branches, as they flower to greater advantage 

 when given full freedom. Ordinarily good soil will suffice for 

 the roots, and the house should be kept moderately warm in 

 winter. 



The Cherokee Rose (Rosa laevigata) is in full bloom now, 

 having been pruned in January. It is a glorious mass of dark 

 green leaves and large pure white flowers, with a conspicuous 

 ring of yellow stamens in the centre. The buds are beautiful, 

 and are borne in such profusion that the plant often becomes 

 a sheet of snowy whiteness when they open out. The pity is 

 that they last but two or three days after full development. 

 This plant is a rampant grower, and the wood must be thor- 

 oughly ripened before it will flower well. Full exposure to 

 sunshine is therefore essential, as is also an unlimited supply 

 of air during warm weather. Although thoroughly naturalized 

 in the south, it is not hardy in this latitude. R. lagvigata is 

 well worth a place in a large house, where it can be planted in 

 an inside border. It blooms about April in its native state, but 

 in a house affording an intermediate temperature the flower- 

 ing period may be regulated easily by pruning. A dressing of 

 decayed manure applied to the soil after pruning is highly 

 beneficial. 



Thunbergia laurifolia is a vigorous climbing shrub which 

 was introduced from the Malay Peninsula in 1856. The large, 

 opposite, petiolate leaves are of deep green color and oblong- 

 lanceolate outline. The flowers are three inches in diameter, 

 the limb five-lobed and of pale blue color, the tube wide, pale 

 yellowish inside, and white on the outside. They are borne 

 profusely, during the autumn and winter months, in terminal 

 or axillary racemes or whorls. T. laurifolia Harrisii is even 

 more attractive than the type, the flowers being of a deeper 

 shade of blue with throat of orange-yellow, and they appear in 

 still greater numbers. It is a native of Moulmein, wlience it 

 was introduced about the same time as the species. Both 

 plants flourish luxuriantly when grown in a house the tem- 

 perature of which is not allowed to fall below fifty degrees, 

 Fahrenheit. The roots, however, should be confined as to 

 space, or the growth becomes rank and the quantity of flowers 

 is lessened ; for the same reason, the soil should be of a me-, 

 dium rather than a rich character. Even with these precau- 

 tions it is frequently necessary to thin out the thick mass of 

 branches. 



Kennedya rubicunda is not so well known as the foregoing, 

 although it is more than a century since it was introduced from 

 Brazil. It is an evergreen twiner, growing and flowering 

 freely in a cool house. The trifoliate leaves are of bright 



