78 WILLETS. 



San Antonio and Maluno are tobacco haciendas. At the former place, 74.25 

 per cent of the population was examined; at the latter, 93.44 per cent. There- 

 fore, the percentages of the various parasites found may be accepted as repre- 

 senting those present in the general population of the two haciendas. 



In ordei: that the work of the haciendas might not be too greatly interrupted 

 at a time when there was a great deal to do in the fields, it was necessary to 

 allow the people to save the specimens overnight; hence, the great majority 

 of these were unfavorable for examination for the presence of amoebae and flagel- 

 lates, and no systematic search was made for the latter two classes of organisms. 

 However, very few infections with these parasites were seen, so that it is 

 believed they are infrequent at these two haciendas. The findings of Rissler and 

 Gomez ' in the Cagayan Valley are in accord with this impression and only one 

 case of marked dysentery was seen; this probably was not amcebic since it 

 responded to bismuth. 



Neaii)' all of the persons examined were Ilocanos who migrated into 

 the Cagayan Yalley. There are included in the list the Spanish officials 

 of tlie haciendas, 83 Ibanags composing cabecena number 9, and 58 

 Visayans composing cabeceria number 33, of San Antonio. The find- 

 ings among the Ibanags did not differ essentially from those among the 

 Ilocanos, whereas the Visayans showed a high percentage of infection 

 with the hookworm (77.59 per cent) and the whipworm (63.79 per cent). 



Each hacienda is divided into districts which are subdivided into 

 cabecerias. There are thirty- three such cabecerias at San Antonio and 

 twelve at Maluno. Most of the houses are located on hills which are 

 rocky, but which usually have a few trees. It appears that the selection 

 of such sites for homes accomplishes a double purpose: It gives the 

 tenants the advantage of available shade and places them above the 

 water mark when the lowlands are flooded at various times during the 

 rainy season. However, some of the houses are located in the low- 

 lands. The variation in the location of the houses in the different cabe- 

 cerias plays a role in the occurrence of the hookworm. 



Several factors are acting upon the persons examined, excepting the 

 officials, to lower their general vitality and render complex the problem of 

 determining the effect upon them of intestinal parasitism. Marriage 

 occurs early ; child bearing is rapid ; smoking is commenced at a tender age 

 and is indulged in excessively throughout life; drinking of native whisky 

 is commenced early ; the diet is poor and consists of rice and maize, largely 

 maize, with very little meat; and tuberculosis is common. Fortunately, 

 malaria is rare. 



The results obtained are based upon the examination of two thin cover- 

 slip preparations of each specimen ; it is understood that the findings of 



^ Loc. cit. 



