302 CHAMBERLAIN. 



Table I. — Typhoid fever in the Philippines. 



Calendar year. 



Number of deaths. 



Manila.^ 



1 

 Provinces." 



1906 — — 



47 



77 



116 



90 



82 



2,453 

 2,133 

 2,371 



2,387 



1907 



1908. 



1909 _ 



1910. „ 



Average-- — - 





82.4 



2, 336 





* The population of Manila in 1907 was 223,543, divided as lollows : Americans and 

 Europeans 9,079 ; Chinese 18,028 ; Filipinos 195,292 ; others 1,143. The population of 

 the provinces referred to is approximately 6,434,390. 



Granting a death rate of 20 per cent (which seems a liberal one and 

 is nrnch higher than the experience of the army among either white or 

 native soldiers), the average of 82.4 deaths annually would indicate a 

 yearly incidence of 412 cases of enteric fever in Manila or one per year 

 for each 542 persons. 



This average yearly rate of 82.4 deaths in a city of 223,543 people 

 represents a mortality of 36.8 per 100,000. The Census bulletins for 

 the registration areas in the United States show the death rate from 

 typhoid per 100,000 to have been 25.3 for 1908, 30.3 for 1907, and 

 32.2 for the period 1901 to 1905.(22) The rate per 100,000 from' 1901 

 to 1905 averaged 11.4 for Scotland, 11.2 for England and Wales, 13.1 for 

 Ireland, 16.8 for Belgium, and 7.6 for Germany. 



The following list shows the position of Manila as compared with 

 certain large cities in Europe ( 23 ) and America. ( 22 ) 



[The figures indicate deaths from typhoid per 100,000 of population.] 



City. 



Deaths. 



City. 



Deaths. 



City. 



Deaths. 



1. Pittsburgh 



2. Allegheny 



3. Washington 



4. Philadelphia 



6. New Orleans 



6 Memphis 



129. 6 

 110.1 

 56.6 

 52.3 

 40.9 

 37.8 

 37.2 



8. Manila 



36.8 

 36.3 

 35.8 

 28.9 

 28.4 

 27.0 

 22.2 



15, Omaha.— . 



20.3 



18.1 



18.1 



12.3 



5.6 



4.3 



3.8 



9. Toledo 



16. Milwaukee 



17. New York. 



10. Baltimore 



11. Buffalo 



18. London 



12. Chicago 





13. San Francisco 



14. Boston 



20. Vienna 



7 St Louis 



21. Berlin 









As compared with American communities it will be seen that Manila 

 corresponds with the middle group including such places as New Orleans, 

 St. Louis, Toledo, and Baltimore. It is exceeded only by a few cities 

 which are notorious for high typhoid rates. Its mortality record is far 

 above that for the best American cities which themselves have an enor- 



