^ BULLETIN" 952, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



grape seed can be used as a fodder, but apparently only for sheep. 

 It is also noted that the Austrian Ministry of Commerce (1) called 

 attention to the use of grape seed as a raw material for the produc- 

 tion of oil, oil cake, and meal, the latter to be used as a stock food. 

 In 1917 Matignon and Marchal (9), in addition to investigating 

 grape pulp for fertilizer and food value, called attention to the pos- 

 sible fuel value of this waste, which, from the wine industry of 

 France, would be equivalent to 160,000 tons of coal. In 1918 Ventre 

 (20) further called attention to the utilization of grape seeds in 

 France for the extraction of edible oil. In 1915 Dawson (3) re- 

 ported on the manufacture of oil from grape seeds in Argentina. 



AVAILABLE QUANTITY OF GRAPE WASTE. 



In order to estimate the available quantity of Avaste resulting from 

 the manufacture of grape juice, questionnaires were sent to manu- 

 facturers in the grape belt, extending from Michigan across upper 

 Ohio and into central Kew York. The figures submitted gave the 

 tonnage of grapes crushed from 1914 to 1918, inclusive, and from 

 these an average has been taken to represent the quantity which may 

 be expected annually. 



The waste consists of stems and pomace, the latter being made up 

 of the skins and seeds. The stems are calculated as 3 per cent of the 

 original grapes and the pomace as 20 per cent. The skins consti- 

 tute about 75 per cent of the wet pomace (containing 50 per cent of 

 moisture) and the seed 25 per cent. From these calculations the 

 following figures were obtained, which may be taken as representing 

 the approximate quantities of the waste materials which result 

 annually from the grape-juice industry in the grape belt under 

 consideration : 



Tods. 



Total quantity of grapes crushed 22, 000 



Stems (3 per cent of the grapes) 660 



Wet pomace (20 per cent of the grapes) . 4,400 



Skins (75 per cent of the wet pomace) 3,300 



Seed (25 per cent of the wet pomace) 1, 100 



COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OBTAINABLE FROM GRAPE WASTEw 



The stems, which occur as the first by-product, contain cream of 

 tartar and tannin, both of which may be obtai'ned in the same oper- 

 ation. 



The pomace, which constitutes the second and larger portion of 

 the waste, consists of skins and seeds in about equal parts when dry. 

 From the skins, which contain much flavor, color, and pectin, a 

 palatable jelly can be made. From the seeds can be obtained oil, 

 meal, and tannin extract, the most important of which is perhaps the 



