148 NEW YOKE STATE MUSEUM 



Mcmlage. — The brick manufacturer generally locates his plant 

 near the supply of clay, so that the haulage distance is from 100 

 to 300 feet. Within these limits it is economical to use one- 

 horse carts, but above 300 or 400 feet there are other means of 

 haulage which will generally be found cheaper. There are 

 exceptions where carts are used for hauling long distances ; for 

 instance, at Port Ewen on the Hudson the clay is carted 900 

 feet in some cases, and at Haverstraw some of the firms bring 

 their clay a i distance of a quarter of a mile in one-horse carts. 



Cars. — As a rule where the haulage distance exceeds 500 feet 

 cars are used. They are run on tracks and drawn by horses; if 

 possible the track is laid down grade from the bank to the yard. 

 Sometimes the loaded cars are run down to the yard by gravity, 

 the horses being only required to draw them back when empty. 

 Cost 10c. per cubic yard for about 500 feet lead. 



Locomotive haulage. — This is a cheap method where the scale 

 of operations warrants it; that is to say, for a yard having an 

 annual capacity of 15,000,000 or upwards. The cost by this 

 method is about 5c. or 7c. per 1000 brick (about one and one 

 quarter to one and one half cubic yards of clay being reckoned 

 to a thousand brickj for a distance of 600 or 800 feet. It is 

 necessary, of course, to have cars filled with clay ready for the 

 engine as soon as the empty ones are drawn back; otherwise 

 the expense would become great if the engine had to spend 

 much time waiting. The cost given above does not include wear 

 and tear on plant. 



Wire rope haulage. — A few yards use this method where the 

 haulage distance is small ; the winding drum is placed under the 

 machine shed near the pug mill or crushers ; side or bottom 

 dumping cars are used. 



Gravity planes may also be mentioned, but they are less used than 

 they might be. 



General remarks on bricks 



Three kinds of brick are manufactured in New York, viz. : 

 Common, front and paving brick. 



Common brick. These constitute nine tenths of the clay 

 products manufactured in the state. The following are the 

 characteristics of a good building brick. 



1. It should have plane surfaces, parallel sides, and sharp 

 edges and angles. The regularity of form depends largely on 



