I80$T 0EE8 OF NEW YORK 531 



beds of considerable extent and thickness. Accordingly as it is 

 more or less free from foreign minerals it is rich or lean, varying 

 from the pure magnetic iron ore to rock with traces only of iron 

 in its mineralogical composition. The beds of ore show lamina- 

 tion and are faulted, folded and contorted as the inclosing strata 

 of rock, and have the same general strike and dip in common 

 with the latter. They are generally of irregular form, in places 

 widening into thick deposits or lenticular shaped masses, in 

 others contracted in thin sheets, which are not mined profitably. 

 The ore is found in some cases to separate into thin layers, and 

 masses of rock (" horses ") are met with entirely surrounded by 

 the ore. The phases of variation are as many almost as there are 

 mines, where they can be studied. In the larger and older mines 

 the ore has been followed for thousands of feet in the line of 

 strike or on the course of the ore, and for hundreds of feet in 

 depth (on the line of dip) without reaching its limits. Owing to 

 the unprofitable nature of working so thin ore beds, they are 

 often not followed to the end, and the real extent of few of these 

 ore deposits is known. In general, it may be stated that in this 

 region the ore beds stand nearly on edge and have a northeast 

 and southwest strike and a descent or dip at a steep angle to the 

 southeast. In consequence of their highly inclined position and 

 their irregular shape these ore bodies are called " veins," less fre- 

 quently " chimneys " and " shoots " of ore. 



The magnetic iron ore has not been found distributed uni- 

 formly throughout the Highlands. There appear to be certain 

 ore ranges or belts in which the larger and more productive mines 

 are opened. There are mine groups also, as the Sterling Iron and 

 Railway Company's mines, the Greenwood mines, in Orange 

 county ; the T odd-Croft and Sunk mines, and the Croton- 

 Brewster ranges in Putnam county. The boundaries of these 

 ore-bearing belts and the intermediate barren territory have not 

 been determined, since the exploration has been largely made by 

 individual effort and without any general plan covering the 

 whole area. It is probable that a geological survey of the High- 

 lands would enable us to trace the limits of an iron-bearing 

 group, as has been indicated by the surveys of the New Jersey 

 Highlands.* 



*3ee " Ann. Report of the State Geologist for the year 1836." Trenton, 1887, pp. 82-85. 



